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Thus we studied <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010231 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SK<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 breast cancer cell lines treated with epirubicin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPI<\/jats:styled-content>) to assess autophagy and apoptosis. We found out that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPI<\/jats:styled-content> induced apoptosis and autophagy in both cell lines. The lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1 inhibited cellular autophagy and enhanced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010triggered apoptosis, perhaps due to inhibition of autolysosome formation, which then inhibited autophagic effects of engulfing and clearing damaged mitochondria. This inhibition increased mitochondrial cytochrome C release which augmented epirubicin\u2010induced caspase\u2010dependent apoptosis and cytotoxicity. In addition, the lysosomal neutralizing agent ammonia chloride (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>), and Atg7 knockdown by si<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>, could inhibit epirubicin\u2010triggered autophagy, enhance cytotoxicity, and increase caspase\u20109\u2010 and caspase\u20103\u2010dependent apoptosis. Thus, autophagy plays a prosurvival role in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010231 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SK<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 cells, and autophagy inhibition can potentially reverse this effect and increase the cytotoxicity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]],"date-time":"2016-08-25T13:29:14Z","timestamp":1472131754000},"page":"1610-1621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Inhibiting autophagy increases epirubicin's cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3816\/CBC.2005.n.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology Breast Cancer. 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