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The analysis was based on 5192 children with cancer (age 0\u201014 years) from 6 prefectural cancer registries in Japan and 21 295 children diagnosed in England during 1993\u20102010. Differences in incidence rates between the 2 countries were measured with Poisson regression models. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method. Incidence rates for Hodgkin lymphoma, renal tumors and Ewing sarcomas in England were more than twice as high as those in Japan. Incidence of germ cell tumors, hepatic tumors, neuroblastoma and acute myeloid leukemia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AML<\/jats:styled-content>) was higher in Japan than in England. Incidence of all cancers combined decreased in Japan throughout the period 1993 to 2010, which was mainly explained by a decrease in registration of neuroblastoma in infants. For many cancers, 5\u2010year survival improved in both countries. The improvement in survival in chronic myeloid leukemia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CML<\/jats:styled-content>) was particularly dramatic in both countries. However, 5\u2010year survival remained less than 80% in 2005\u20102008 in both countries for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AML<\/jats:styled-content>, brain tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, malignant bone tumors and neuroblastoma (age 1\u201014 years). There were significant differences in incidence of several cancers between countries, suggesting variation in genetic susceptibility and possibly environmental factors. The decrease in incidence for all cancers combined in Japan was related to the cessation of the national screening program for neuroblastoma. The large improvement in survival in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CML<\/jats:styled-content> coincided with the introduction of effective therapy (imatinib).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,25]],"date-time":"2017-11-25T01:06:37Z","timestamp":1511571997000},"page":"422-434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Childhood cancer incidence and survival in Japan and England: A population\u2010based study (1993\u20102010)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9782-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayo","family":"Nakata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Control Center Osaka International Cancer Institute Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London London UK"},{"name":"Cancer Survival Group London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1407-2393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Control Center Osaka International Cancer Institute Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Magadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Survival Group London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Bonaventure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Survival Group London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Stiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service Public Health England Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8687-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kota","family":"Katanoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cancer Control and Information Services National Cancer Center Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cancer Control and Information Services National Cancer Center Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Miyashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Control Center Osaka International Cancer Institute Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2384-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathy","family":"Pritchard\u2010Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Rachet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Survival Group London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"International Childhood Cancer Day: much remains to be Done to Fight Childhood Cancer","author":"Gaudin N","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30186-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910420408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17550-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70548-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62038-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(17)30052-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyx041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyx070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1990.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"BurgunA BodenreiderO.Issues in integrating epidemiology and research information in oncology:experience with ICD\u2010O3 and the NCI Thesaurus. 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