{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T19:46:32Z","timestamp":1788637592689,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a highly aggressive cancer with a survival rate of 70%\u201380% for patients with localized disease and under 30% for those with metastatic disease. Tumor\u2010infiltrating neutrophils (TIN) can generate extracellular net\u2010like DNA structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, little is known about the presence and prognostic significance of tumor\u2010infiltrating NETs in EWS. Herein, we investigated 46 patients diagnosed with EWS and treated in the Tel Aviv Medical Center between 2010 and 2021. TINs and NETs were identified in diagnostic biopsies of EWS by immunofluorescence. In addition, NETs were investigated in neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood samples of EWS patients at diagnosis and following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The relationships between the presence of TINs and NETs, pathological and clinical features, and outcomes were analyzed. Our results demonstrate that TIN and NETs at diagnosis were higher in EWS patients with metastatic disease compared with those with local disease. High NET formation at diagnosis predicted poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, relapse, and death from disease (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). NET formation in peripheral blood samples at diagnosis was significantly elevated among patients with EWS compared with pediatric controls and decreased significantly following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, NET formation seems to have a role in the EWS immune microenvironment. Their presence can refine risk stratification, predict chemotherapy resistance and survival, and serve as a therapeutic target in patients with EWS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T05:52:57Z","timestamp":1698904377000},"page":"36-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Suggested role for neutrophil extracellular trap formation in Ewing sarcoma immune microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Shukrun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Hemato\u2010Oncology Research Laboratory Tel Aviv Medical Center  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hemato\u2010Oncology Tel Aviv Medical Center  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv 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