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Anti\u2010vaccine activists claimed that adjuvants in\n HPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n vaccines could cause an immune\u2010mediated neurological disease. Adjuvants in the bivalent\n HPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n vaccine (\n 2vHPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and quadrivalent\n HPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n vaccine (\n 4vHPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) are\n AS04<\/jats:styled-content>\n [composed of aluminum (Al) hydroxide (\n AH<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and monophosphoryl lipid A (\n MPL<\/jats:styled-content>\n )] and Al hydroxyphosphate sulfate (\n AHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), respectively. We determined whether\n HPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n vaccinations in mice could reproduce alleged immunopathology. We injected mice intramuscularly with\n 2vHPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n 4vHPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n , two hepatitis B virus vaccines containing\n AH<\/jats:styled-content>\n or\n AHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , or a varicella\u2010zoster virus vaccine (\n vVZV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) containing an adjuvant\n AS01<\/jats:styled-content>\n (comprising\n MPL<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n QS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201021). Histologically, 12\u2009weeks after vaccinations, all four Al\u2010containing vaccine groups had Al\u2010laden macrophage accumulation at the injected muscle; no groups had abnormalities in any other organs, including the brain, heart, liver, and kidney. Immunologically, although the four Al\u2010containing vaccine groups had continuously increased levels of several cytokines, including interferon (\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2010\u03b2, cytokine profiles were not associated with muscle pathology. No groups exhibited any clinical signs, except for the\n vVZV<\/jats:styled-content>\n group, which lost body weight temporarily following each injection. Weight loss in the\n vVZV<\/jats:styled-content>\n group was associated with increased levels of cytokines, including interleukin (\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u201018. Experiments using\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201018 receptor\u2010deficient mice and\n AS01<\/jats:styled-content>\n injection alone demonstrated that\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201018 and\n AS01<\/jats:styled-content>\n contributed to weight loss. Since\n 2vHPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n containing\n AS04<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n AH<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n MPL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) did not induce weight loss,\n QS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201021, but not\n MPL<\/jats:styled-content>\n , in\n AS01<\/jats:styled-content>\n seemed responsible for weight loss, demonstrating the safety of\n MPL<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.70213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T10:49:29Z","timestamp":1759747769000},"page":"3309-3325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Cytokine and Histology Studies on\n HPV<\/scp>\n and Other Viral Vaccinations: No Pathogenicity of\n HPV<\/scp>\n Vaccine 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