{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:51:19Z","timestamp":1747183879709,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008895","name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chem Biol Drug Des"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic> is a pathogenic African animal trypanosome species causing devastating conditions leading to death of an infected host. The drawbacks of the existing trypanocidal drugs have led to the search for new drug candidates. In this study, \u03b2\u2010ionone at 15 and 30\u00a0mg\/kg body weight (BW) was orally administered to <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>congolense<\/jats:italic> infected rats for 14\u00a0days followed by an assessment of anemia, organ damages, and the expression of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>congolense<\/jats:italic> trans\u2010sialidase gene variants. A significant decrease in parasitemia (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0.05) was observed in the animals treated with 15\u00a0mg\/kg BW \u03b2\u2010ionone besides increased animal survival rate. A trypanosome\u2010induced decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and histopathological changes across tissues was significantly (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0.05) ameliorated following treatment with both doses of \u03b2\u2010ionone. This is in addition to reversing the parasite\u2010induced upsurge in free serum sialic acid (FSA) and expression of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>congolense<\/jats:italic> trans\u2010sialidase gene variants (<jats:italic>TconTS1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TconTS3<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>TconTS4<\/jats:italic>). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u00a0.05) between FSA with the <jats:italic>TconTS<\/jats:italic> gene expressions. In addition, the compound inhibited partially purified <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>congolense<\/jats:italic> sialidase and phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> via mixed inhibition pattern with inhibition binding constants of 25.325 and 4.550\u00a0\u00b5M, respectively, while molecular docking predicted binding energies of \u22125.6\u00a0kcal\/mol for both enzymes. In conclusion, treatment with \u03b2\u2010ionone suppressed <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>congolense<\/jats:italic> proliferation and protected the animals against some of the parasite\u2010induced pathologies whilst the effect on anemia development might be due to inhibition of sialidase and PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> activities as well as the expression levels of <jats:italic>TconTS3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TconTS4<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T16:57:25Z","timestamp":1648659445000},"page":"908-922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chemotherapeutic potentials of \u03b2\u2010ionone against <i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i> infection: Inhibition\u00a0of\u00a0parasite proliferation, anemia development, trans\u2010sialidase (<i>TconTS3<\/i> and <i>TconTS4<\/i>) gene expressions, and phospholipase A<sub>2<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6520-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suleiman","family":"Aminu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Ahmadu Bello University  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Auwal","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Ahmadu Bello University  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Dada Chechet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Ahmadu Bello University  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elewechi","family":"Onyike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Ahmadu Bello University  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23768-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-6189(14)60078-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2004.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.02.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.7b00564"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01730.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200023337054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-96"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612016013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002549"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02976563"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70296-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-09-0610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.03.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-012-1182-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.290110208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Impact of trypanosomosis on food security in Nigeria: A review","volume":"2","author":"Samdi S. 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