{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:20:45Z","timestamp":1791584445640,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chem Biol Drug Des"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of the monoterpenes thymol and p\u2010cymene on the liver of rats subjected to prolonged immobilization stress and to discover the possible mechanism behind this effect. For 14 consecutive days, the rats were placed in a restrainer for 2.5\u2009h every day to expose them to stress. During the same period, thymol (10\u2009mg\/kg, gavage) and p\u2010cymene (50\u2009mg\/kg, intraperitoneally) were also administered. Thymol and p\u2010cymene prevented the increase in malondialdehyde levels and the decrease in glutathione content in the liver of rats exposed to chronic immobility. They also increased the activity of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme in the liver of stressed animals, but only thymol could increase the activity of superoxide dismutase. These monoterpenes reduced the expression of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u20106 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB) in the liver of stressed animals. They increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase\u20101 (HO\u20101). Thymol and p\u2010cymene greatly prevented the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver parenchyma of stressed rats. In conclusion, the study found that thymol and p\u2010cymene have a hepatoprotective effect on immobilized rats, likely exerted by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, stimulating Nrf2\/HO\u20101 signaling, and inhibiting the TNF\u2010\u03b1\/NF\u2010\u03baB pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T02:34:02Z","timestamp":1727145242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Thymol and p\u2010Cymene Protect the Liver by Mitigating Oxidative Stress, Suppressing <scp>TNF<\/scp>\u2010\u03b1\/<scp>NF<\/scp>\u2010\u03ba<scp>B<\/scp>, and Enhancing Nrf2\/<scp>HO<\/scp>\u20101 Expression in Immobilized Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0508-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasaman","family":"Peirovy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Zanjan Branch Islamic Azad University  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Asle\u2010Rousta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Zanjan Branch Islamic Azad University  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1831"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1015669"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2020.1851726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114743"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803269-5.00002-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090853"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.923003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.993040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.901538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142809"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.880298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21681"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9921-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165870"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09943-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1476979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06937-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2016.1174851"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000136485"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1235","article-title":"A Literature Review for the Mechanisms of Stress\u2010Induced Liver Injury","volume":"9","author":"Joung J. 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