{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:16:24Z","timestamp":1783340184048,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]],"date-time":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure is a risk factor for neurologically based cognitive and adaptive disability. Diagnostic nomenclature for prenatally exposed children with cognitive and adaptive disability who lack features for foetal alcohol syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content>) or partial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content> includes the terms alcohol\u2010related neurodevelopmental disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARND<\/jats:styled-content>) and foetal alcohol spectrum disorder(s) (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content>). Although these terms are now widely used, this paper argues that both are problematic. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARND<\/jats:styled-content> is flawed by unjustifiably turning a risk factor into a causal factor and shrouding the result in terminological ambiguity, while <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content> is not appropriate as a clinical label, and its use as a proxy for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARND<\/jats:styled-content> deflects critical attention from the causal inferencing that is integral to diagnosing children with an alcohol\u2010related teratogenic condition. Existing nomenclature is at odds with logical and evidence\u2010based diagnosing and also has implications for interpretation of epidemiological data. Diagnostic nomenclature that is not tightly linked to causal inference is preferable at the present stage of this field's development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]],"date-time":"2013-01-07T13:17:52Z","timestamp":1357564672000},"page":"810-815","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diagnostic nomenclature for foetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the continuing challenge of causality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"A. 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