{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:16:46Z","timestamp":1771258606184,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]],"date-time":"2012-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Screening strategies for childhood physical abuse (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPA<\/jats:styled-content>) need to be improved in order to identify those most at risk. This study uses two regionally representative community samples to examine whether a cluster or cumulative model of risk indicators (i.e. parental divorce, parental unemployment, and parental addictions) explains a larger proportion of the variation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were drawn from Statistics <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada's <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>opulation <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ealth <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>urvey (1994\u20131995) and Canadian Community Health Survey 3.1 (2005). Response rates were greater than 80% in both samples. Each survey had approximately 13\u2009000 respondents aged 18 and over who answered questions about the above adverse childhood experiences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A gradient was shown with similar outcomes in each data set. Only 3.4% of adults who experienced none of the three risk indicators reported they had been physically abused during childhood or adolescence. The prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPA<\/jats:styled-content> was greater among those who experienced parental divorce alone (8.3%\u201310.7%), parental unemployment alone (8.9%\u20139.7%) or parental addictions alone (18.0%\u201319.5%). When all three risk indicators were present, the prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPA<\/jats:styled-content> ranged from 36.0%\u201341.0% and the age\u2010sex\u2010race adjusted odds were greater than 15 times that of individuals with none of the three risk indicators. The cluster model explained a statistically significantly larger proportion of the variation than the cumulative model although the difference between the two models was modest. For the purposes of parsimony, the cumulative model may be the better alternative.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adults who were exposed to two or more childhood risk indicators were much more likely to report that they were physically abused during their childhood than those with only one or no risk factors. Medical professionals may use this information on cumulative risk factors to more effectively target screening for potential <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPA<\/jats:styled-content>. Future research should include prospective studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,21]],"date-time":"2012-12-21T19:07:03Z","timestamp":1356116823000},"page":"124-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Is the cluster risk model of parental adversities better than the cumulative risk model as an indicator of childhood physical abuse?: findings from two representative community surveys"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Fuller\u2010Thomson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor\u2010Inwentash Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.\u2010L.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor\u2010Inwentash Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0217","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for adult cardiovascular disease and depression","volume":"65","author":"Batten S. 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