{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:21:54Z","timestamp":1782879714270,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]],"date-time":"2013-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>The aim of this study was to establish the construct validity of the F<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:styled-content>ocus on the O<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:styled-content>utcomes of C<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:styled-content>ommunication U<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:styled-content>nder S<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:styled-content>ix (FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a9<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>). This measure is reflective of concepts in the International C<\/jats:styled-content>lassification of F<\/jats:styled-content>unctioning D<\/jats:styled-content>isability and H<\/jats:styled-content>ealth \u2013 C<\/jats:styled-content>hildren and Y<\/jats:styled-content>outh framework. It was developed to capture \u2018real\u2010world\u2019 changes (e.g. communicative participation) in preschoolers' communication following speech\u2010language intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method<\/jats:title>A pre\u2013post design was used. Fifty\u2010two parents of 3\u2010 to 6\u2010year\u2010old preschoolers attending speech\u2010language therapy were included as participants. Speech\u2010language therapists provided individual and\/or group intervention to preschoolers. Intervention targeted: articulation\/phonology, voice\/resonance, expressive\/receptive language, play, and use of augmentative devices. Construct validity for communicative participation was assessed using pre\u2010intervention and post\u2010intervention parent interviews using the FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a9<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> and the communication and socialization domains of the V<\/jats:styled-content>ineland A<\/jats:styled-content>daptive B<\/jats:styled-content>ehavior S<\/jats:styled-content>cales\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> (VABS\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Significant associations were found between the FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a9<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>, measuring communicative participation, and the VABS\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> domains for: (i) pre\u2010intervention scores in communication (r<\/jats:italic> = 0.53, P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.30\u20130.70) and socialization (r<\/jats:italic> = 0.67, P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.48\u20130.80); (ii) change scores over\u2010time in communication (r<\/jats:italic> = 0.45, P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.201\u20130.65) and socialization (r<\/jats:italic> = 0.39, P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.13\u20130.60); and (iii) scores at post\u2010intervention for communication (r<\/jats:italic> = 0.53, P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.30\u20130.70) and for socialization (r<\/jats:italic> = 0.37, P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.11\u20130.50).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>The study provided evidence on construct validity of the FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a9<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> for evaluating real\u2010world changes in communication. We believe that the FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a9<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> is a useful measure of communicative participation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]],"date-time":"2013-06-13T10:42:52Z","timestamp":1371120172000},"page":"481-489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Construct validity of the FOCUS<\/scp>\u00a9<\/sup> (F<\/scp>ocus on the O<\/scp>utcomes of C<\/scp>ommunication U<\/scp>nder S<\/scp>ix): a communicative participation outcome measure for preschool children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Washington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Thomas\u2010Stonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Oddson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Kinetics Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Sturt University Bathurst NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Warr\u2010Leeper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of Western Ontario London ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association (ASHA)(2004)Preferred practice patterns for the profession of speech\u2010language pathology. 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