{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:36:46Z","timestamp":1779100606535,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Child Care Health and Development Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal depression during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse child outcomes. One potential mechanism is the influence of antenatal depression on the foetal hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal axis. This can be observed as disturbances in baseline cortisol secretion during childhood. The influence of antenatal depression on infant cortisol reactivity to a stressor may provide further insight into this association. In addition, the dose\u2013response relationship between foetal exposure to antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity is unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A consecutive sample of 133 pregnant women in their third trimester was recruited from an antenatal clinic in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>arnataka, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>outh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>ndia. Women were assessed for depression before and after birth on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>dinburgh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>ostnatal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>epression <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPDS<\/jats:styled-content>) and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>essler 10 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale. Salivary cortisol response to immunization was measured in 58 infants at 2 months of age. We aimed (i) to investigate the association between antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity to immunization and (ii) to explore whether the relationship is dose\u2010dependent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to antenatal depression independently predicted elevated infant cortisol responses to immunization (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.53, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). The association was found to be <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010shaped, for antenatal depression measured on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPDS<\/jats:styled-content>, with the infants exposed to the highest and lowest levels of maternal antenatal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPDS<\/jats:styled-content> scores during intra\u2010uterine life showing elevated cortisol responses to immunization (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.20, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). Infants exposed to moderate levels of maternal antenatal depression showed the lowest cortisol response to immunization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that the association between antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity is dose\u2010dependent and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010shaped, implying that infants exposed to both low and high levels of maternal depression showed greater reactivity. The study provides the first evidence of such an association from a low\u2010income setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T17:57:13Z","timestamp":1408125433000},"page":"677-686","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Foetal exposure to maternal depression predicts cortisol responses in infants: findings from rural <scp>S<\/scp>outh <scp>I<\/scp>ndia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John's Research Institute St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Snehalaya Socio\u2010Medical Relief Centre  Solur Ramnagara Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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