{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:22:58Z","timestamp":1740126178606,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]],"date-time":"2016-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["26870404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26870404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Japan, students' poor adjustment to school life such as school refusals has been recognized as a nation\u2010wide problem. In this study, we examined the link between the absence of mothers' active engagement with their infants at 6\u2009months and children's risks of poor adjustment toward elementary school life at the ages of 5.5 and 11.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a Japanese national longitudinal survey (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200943\u2009132) with 11\u2009years of follow\u2010up. Because of social patterning in how mothers engage with their infants, we employed propensity score matching analyses to control for confounding by socio\u2010economic and other factors. We matched mothers with active engagement and those without on various social and parental characteristics such as educational attainment and household income.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among matched pairs, we observed higher risks of poor adjustment to school life at both 5.5 and 11\u2009years among Japanese children who lacked mothers' active engagement at 6\u2009months. For example, the relative risk was 1.46 [95% confidence interval: 1.10, 1.94] for inability to get along with others in a group setting at the age of 5.5\u2009years and 1.29 [1.10, 1.51] for inability to get along with teachers at the age of 11\u2009years. Our findings corroborate previous findings, which emphasize the importance of providing an enriched environment for infants' social development and may indicate the need for an intervention for caregivers who lack appropriate nurturing skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]],"date-time":"2016-12-19T11:58:52Z","timestamp":1482148732000},"page":"406-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations between mothers' active engagement with infants at 6\u2009months and children's adjustment to school life at ages 5.5 and 11\u2009years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Social Medicine National Center for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Promotion Tokyo Medical and Dental University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Kawachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Harvard T.H. 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