{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:04:50Z","timestamp":1789736690788,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]],"date-time":"2018-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD057941\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD057941\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite growing evidence that early life experiences and exposures can impact child development, there is limited research on how prenatal and early life nutrition and early life parenting practices predict specific domains of child development in resource\u2010limited settings. This study examines the association between prenatal factors, birth outcomes, and early life characteristics with motor, cognitive\/language, and socioemotional development in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed motor, cognitive\/language, and socioemotional development among a cohort of 198 children aged 20\u201339\u00a0months in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, whose mothers were previously enrolled in a randomized, placebo\u2010controlled trial of prenatal vitamin A and zinc supplementation. Linear regression models were used to assess standardized mean differences in child development scores for randomized prenatal regimen and pregnancy, delivery, and early childhood factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children born to mothers randomized to prenatal vitamin A had significantly lower reported motor scores in minimally adjusted and multivariate analyses, \u22120.29\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 95% CI [\u22120.54, \u22120.04],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03, as compared with children whose mothers did not receive vitamin A. There was no significant effect of randomized prenatal zinc on any development domain. Greater caregiver\u2013child stimulation was associated with 0.38\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 95% CI [0.14, 0.63],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01, better cognitive\/language scores, whereas children who experienced both verbal and physical punishment had 0.29\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 95% CI [\u22120.52, \u22120.05],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02, lower scores in socioemotional development. Maternal completion of primary school was associated with higher reported motor and cognitive\/language development. Further, children of mothers who were &lt;155\u00a0cm tall had lower cognitive and language scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal vitamin A supplements in a setting with low levels of vitamin A deficiency may not provide child development benefits. However, integrated environmental, educational, parenting, and stimulation interventions may have large positive effects across child development domains in resource\u2010limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]],"date-time":"2018-08-19T23:47:17Z","timestamp":1534722437000},"page":"841-849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Prenatal nutrition, stimulation, and exposure to punishment are associated with early child motor, cognitive, language, and socioemotional development in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5665-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen O.","family":"Pitchik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of California Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaie W.","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana Charles","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Darling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajibola I.","family":"Abioye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Tesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Mugusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Sudfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015128"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.134478"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1196","article-title":"Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake","volume":"334","author":"Brent R. 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