{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:52:28Z","timestamp":1789422748859,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004828","name":"Grand Challenges Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about father's involvement in the care of children born with perinatal risk factors. This study aimed to understand father's involvement in the care of children born preterm, low birth weight (LBW) and\/or with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in rural Rwanda and assess child and home environment factors associated with father involvement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study of children born preterm, LBW or with HIE who were discharged from Kirehe District Hospital neonatal unit from May 2015 to April 2016 and those enrolled in a neonatal unit follow\u2010up programme from May 2016 to November 2017. Interviews were conducted when the children were ages 24\u201347\u2009months in the child's home. Primary caregivers reported on father involvement in parenting, home environment, child disability, and child development outcomes. Children's nutritional status were directly measured. Only children whose fathers were living in the home were included in the sample. Bivariate analyses were conducted using Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 236 children aged 24\u201347\u2009months were included in this study, 66.4% were born preterm or LBW with a mean age of 33.3\u2009months. 73.5% of children were at risk of disability and 77.7% had potential delay in overall child development. 15.5% of fathers reported engaging in four or more activities with their child in the last 3 days. Factors associated with father involvement included smaller household size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004), mother engaged in decision\u2010making (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027), being on\u2010track in developmental milestones for problem solving (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042) and mother's involvement in learning activities (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043); the number of activities a father engaged in was significantly associated with the child's overall development (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that father involvement in activities to support learning was low amongst children born preterm\/LBW and\/or with HIE. Programme interventions should encourage fathers to engage with their children given the benefits for children's development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T06:42:38Z","timestamp":1613803358000},"page":"451-464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Father involvement in the care of children born small and sick in Rwanda: Association with children's nutrition and development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Oryono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima  Rwinkwavu Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boniface","family":"Iraguha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima  Rwinkwavu Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ancille","family":"Musabende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima  Rwinkwavu Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Epimaque","family":"Habimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima  Rwinkwavu Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2683-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alphonse","family":"Nshimyiryo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima  Rwinkwavu Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-9418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima  Rwinkwavu Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Placide","family":"Habinshuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima  Rwinkwavu Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Pediatrics Boston Children's Hospital  Boston MA United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Itangishaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirehe District Hospital Ministry of Health  Kirehe Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9103-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima  Rwinkwavu Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172885"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of father involvement: A summary of the research evidence","volume":"1","author":"Allen S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Newsletter of the Father Involvement Initiative\u2010Ontario Network"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104620"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30565-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12845"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2009.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X08318145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2011.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888690701762100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Father engagement in nutrition: A qualitative analysis in Muhanga and Karongi districts in Rwanda","author":"Catholic Relief Services (CRS)","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00347.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)00163-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199405000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Family\u2013School Links: How Do They Affect Educational Outcomes?","author":"Eccles J. 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