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Increasing evidence shows positive impacts of formal childcare use for adult women, but no known studies in the Global South examine associations for adolescent mothers and their children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We interviewed 1046 adolescent mothers and completed developmental assessments with their children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20091139) in South Africa's Eastern Cape between 2017 and 2019. Questionnaires measured childcare use, maternal and child outcomes and socio\u2010demographic background variables. Using cross\u2010sectional data, associations between formal childcare use and outcomes were estimated in multivariate multi\u2010level analyses that accounted for individual\u2010level and family\u2010level clustering.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childcare use was associated with higher odds of being in education or employment (AOR: 4.01, 95% CIs: 2.59\u20136.21, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.001), grade promotion (AOR: 2.08, 95% CIs: 1.42\u20133.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.001) and positive future ideation (AOR: 1.58, 95% CIs: 1.01\u20132.49, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.047) but no differences in mental health. Childcare use was also associated with better parenting on all measures: positive parenting (AOR: 1.66, 95% CIs: 1.16\u20132.38, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.006), better parental limit\u2010setting (AOR: 2.00, 95% CIs: 1.37\u20132.93, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.001) and better positive discipline (AOR: 1.77, 95% CIs: 1.21\u20132.59, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.003). For the children, there were no differences in temperament or illness, but a significant interaction showed stronger associations between childcare use and better cognitive, language and motor scores with increasing child age (AOR: 5.04, 95% CIs: 1.59\u201315.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.006).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescent mothers might benefit substantially from formal childcare, but causal links need to be explored further. Childcare use was also associated with improved parenting and better child development over time, suggesting positive pathways for children. At an average of $9 per month, childcare provisions for adolescent mothers may offer low\u2010cost opportunities to achieve high returns on health and human capital outcomes in Sub\u2010Saharan African contexts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.13138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T05:15:57Z","timestamp":1686201357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations of formal childcare use with health and human capital development for adolescent mothers and their children in South Africa: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0418-835X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Cluver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Policy and Intervention University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"Jochim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Policy and Intervention University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Mapukata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teen Advisory Group University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille","family":"Wittesaele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia","family":"Shenderovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health University of Cardiff  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandisiwe","family":"Mafuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teen Advisory Group University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1200-5362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Steventon Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Policy and Intervention University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolade","family":"Banougnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Science Research University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorraine","family":"Sherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3800-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elona","family":"Toska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Science Research University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2104_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","volume-title":"International labour office. 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