{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T21:04:42Z","timestamp":1763499882216,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004765","name":"Universiteit van die Vrystaat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UFS\u2010HSD2018\/0148\/2905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UFS\u2010HSD2018\/0148\/2905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low socio\u2010economic status is associated with poor birth outcomes, however, few studies on this topic have been conducted in South Africa. We determined associations between socio\u2010demographic variables of pregnant women and birth outcome in their offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was nested in a prospective cohort study conducted at an antenatal clinic at a regional hospital in Bloemfontein, South Africa. Questionnaires on socio\u2010demographic information were completed on 682 pregnant women in a structured interview. Post\u2010delivery, 331 participants provided the Road to Health Booklets for 347 infants, in which birth data were recorded. Associations between socio\u2010demographic variables and birth outcome (defined as premature delivery or low length\u2010for\u2010age or low weight\u2010for\u2010length at birth) were investigated. Logistic regression with backward selection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) was used to select independent factors that were significantly associated with birth outcome. Variables with a <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value of &lt;0.15 on bivariate analysis were considered for inclusion in the model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor birth outcome was observed in 36.3% (116\/320) of women. The odds of experiencing poor birth outcome were lower for women who owned a stove versus those who did not (OR 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02\u20130.67), and higher for women with grade 8\u201310 (OR 5.84, 95% CI: 1.90\u201317.91) or grade 10\u201312 (OR 4.33, 95% CI: 1.50\u201312.49) as their highest level of education versus tertiary education. The odds of experiencing poor birth outcomes were also higher for those employed part\u2010time (OR 2.55, 95% CI: 1.10\u20135.93) versus full\u2010time and\/or self\u2010employed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings confirm that the presence of basic amenities such as a stove, better education and employment improve the chances of better birth outcomes. Early screening of pregnant women for the identification of socio\u2010demographic risk factors that may impact on birth outcome is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.13181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T13:15:09Z","timestamp":1695388509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations between socio\u2010demographic characteristics of pregnant women and birth outcome: The Nutritional status of Expectant Mothers and their newborn Infants study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Margaretha","family":"Jordaan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Free State  Bloemfontein Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3728-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina","family":"Joubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Free State  Bloemfontein Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3312-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liska","family":"Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Free State  Bloemfontein Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9022-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ngounda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Free State  Bloemfontein Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5578-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinna May","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Free State  Bloemfontein Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13328"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Current cigarette smoking among adults\u2014United States, 2005\u20132012","volume":"63","author":"Agaku I. 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