{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:06:01Z","timestamp":1792040761057,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000886","name":"Duke Endowment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Executive function (EF), a multimodal construct that captures one's control over cognition and behaviour, is associated with academic achievement and social\u2013emotional competence. Prior research suggests that early childhood experiences and the family context shape EF development. Harsh parenting practices\u2014defined through verbal and psychological aggression\u2014and maternal depression are identified as factors that may inhibit early EF development. We examined the relation between these two parenting factors at child age 30\u2009months and two fundamental EF skills, attention and inhibitory control (IC), measured at 42\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a combination of parent self\u2010report (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression, Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire) and independent observational data (Home Observational Measurement of the Environment) from a random, representative sample of 549 births in Durham County, North Carolina. Linear regression models estimated the effects of harsh parenting and maternal depression on later child EF outcomes, while accounting for child and family characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Harsh parenting behaviours at 30\u2009months predicted lower child IC skills (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.041) and lower attention skills (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.64,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007) at 42\u2009months. Greater maternal depression symptoms at 30\u2009months predicted lower IC skills (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) and lower attention skills (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) at 42\u2009months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results highlight the importance of parenting behaviours and parental mental health in shaping early EF. Although correlational in design, this work may inform future early childhood interventions aimed at altering parental behaviour and mental health to promote childhood EF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.70162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T10:01:48Z","timestamp":1759572108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Harsh Parenting, Maternal Depression, and Executive Function in Early Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2851-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia\u00a0O.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.\u00a0Benjamin","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Family Policy Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Family Policy Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth\u00a0A.","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Center for Child and Family Policy Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2019.100831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415622634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.20.2.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Carlson K.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559520986856"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2008.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301361"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295x.106.3.458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12246"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1169537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109507.2009.00536.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.41.1.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000614"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2006.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17105\/SPR45\u20102.250\u2010267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108624.00355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CCFP.0000030287.13160.a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741\u20103737.2003.00795.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579422000645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2017.1353978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922818769450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737\u2010016\u20100629\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13071"}],"container-title":["Child: Care, Health and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cch.70162","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cch.70162","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cch.70162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:02:29Z","timestamp":1779681749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cch.70162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cch.70162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cch.70162","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1862","1365-2214"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1862","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2214","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70162"}}