{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:36:30Z","timestamp":1789191390865,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poverty remains a significant determinant of childhood health outcomes in the United States. This study examines the relationship between household income and children's health outcomes in the United States, focusing on how income disparities contribute to health inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Utilizing a cross\u2010sectional design with data from the 2021\u20132022 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), we analysed the health status of 104\u2009746 children aged 0\u201317\u2009years and explored chronic disease conditions, including obesity, asthma, anxiety and depression. Three logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the association between household income, measured by federal poverty level (FPL) and overall health outcome, adjusted for age, biological sex, race, parental education and family structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 92% of participants reported excellent or very good health, with those reporting poorer health more likely to come from lower income households. Children from families earning 0%\u201399% of the FPL had more than triple the odds of reporting good, fair or poor health compared with those earning \u2265\u2009400% FPL or more (AOR\u2009=\u20093.16, 95% CI: 2.64, 3.78). An inverse dose\u2013response relationship was observed, indicating that as household income increased, the likelihood of reporting adverse health conditions decreased across income groups, with no significant interactions noted between income and biological sex or race.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study shows that household income predicts children's overall, physical and mental, emotional, developmental or behavioural (MEDB) health outcomes. Using recent national data, we found that income\u2010related disparities were evident across multiple conditions, underscoring the need for interventions that address both healthcare access and broader socio\u2010economic factors. Children from low\u2010income households face higher health risks. Policies that expand preventive care, strengthen family supports and reduce structural inequities are critical to improving child health equity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.70179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:24:03Z","timestamp":1763141043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring Income Inequality as a Predictor of Mental, Emotional, Developmental, Behavioural and Physical Health Outcomes in US Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Emmanuela\u00a0C.","family":"Nwaonumah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisha\u00a0D.","family":"Riggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Community Health Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazish","family":"Masud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan\u00a0T.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6276-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Chopak\u2010Foss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Community Health Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobi","family":"Oloyede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Community Health Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara\u00a0Hassani","family":"Goodarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Community Health Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Sejoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0040-2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3150"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"American Public Health Association.2020.Increasing Access and Reducing Barriers to Children's Vision Care Services. 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