{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T03:06:10Z","timestamp":1779419170788,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":125,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004667","name":"Employment and Social Development Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with long\u2010term conditions (LTC) or disabilities often face participation restrictions in early learning and child care (ELCC), but little is known about their specific challenges. This study used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify non\u2010categorical profiles of children's disability\u2010related difficulties, capturing the heterogeneity of conditions rather than condition\u2010specific categories, and examined socio\u2010demographic and child care participation characteristics informing common challenges and needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data drawn from the 2023 Survey on ELCC Arrangements\u2014Children with LTC and Disabilities included 1977 children aged 0\u20135 (98% of survey sample). LCA identified groups based on parent\u2010reported difficulties, activity limitations, LTC and disabilities. Child care participation, difficulty finding child care, extra support needs and school participation were compared across the total sample and identified classes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A four\u2010class model provided the most meaningful solution.\n                      <jats:italic>Class 1 (Relatively Healthy<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 48%) included children likely to have difficulty learning, remembering, or concentrating sometimes.\n                      <jats:italic>Class 2 (Activity Limitations and LTC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 14%) included children likely to have activity limitations (90%) and LTC (80%).\n                      <jats:italic>Class 3 (LTC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 28%) included children most likely to have LTC (95%) but no activity limitations.\n                      <jats:italic>Class 4 (Children with Disabilities<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 10%) included children most likely to have multiple difficulties and disabilities, activity limitations and LTC. Relatively healthy children were most often reported in excellent or very good health (88%), were least likely to require extra support (42%) or have difficulty finding child care (37%) and were less often enrolled in school (34%), whereas children with disabilities were least likely to be in excellent or very good health (50%), most likely to require extra support (94%) and often enrolled in school (50%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with LTC or disabilities are a diverse group with varying extra support needs and patterns of participation in ELCC and school engagement. These differences highlight the importance of inclusive, responsive strategies to reduce access gaps and promote early educational engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.70291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:06:31Z","timestamp":1778054791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Participation Restrictions in Early Learning and Child Care Among Children With Long\u2010Term Conditions or Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3371-5614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Leanage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Canada  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wavrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Canada  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubab","family":"Arim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Canada  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"What Statistics Canada Survey Data Sources Are Available to Study Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Disabilities in Children and Youth?","volume":"9","author":"Arim R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"School of Public Policy Research Papers"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Arim R. S.Kerr A.Leanage andL.Findlay.2025. \u201cIdentification of Children With Disabilities in the Survey on Early Learning and Child Care Arrangement \u2013 Children With Long\u2010Term Conditions and Disabilities. Analytical Studies: Methods and References No. 055.\u201d Statistics Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Beaudoin A. J. G.Pratte M. H.Gervais S.Essalik andC.Camden.2022. \u201cChildren With Disabilities and Access to Recognized Early Childhood Education and Care in Qu\u00e9bec.\u201d Employment and Social Development Canada. Accessed June 5 2025.https:\/\/labo\u2010grandir.com\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Childcare\u2010Access\u2010CWD_final\u2010report_USherbrooke_v3.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Charters T. R.Arim andL.Findlay.2024. \u201cAn Update on the Profile of Children With Affirmative Responses to the 2021 Census Questions on Difficulties With Activities of Daily Living.\u201d Economic and Social Reports: Research Article."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Employment and Social Development Canada [ESDC].2017. \u201cMultilateral Early Learning and Child Care Framework.\u201d Retrieved March 17 2023.https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/canada\/employment\u2010social\u2010development\/programs\/early\u2010learning\u2010child\u2010care\/reports\/2017\u2010multilateral\u2010framework\/MEL_and_CCF\u2010EN.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Child Care Policy in Canada: Putting the Pieces Together","author":"Friendly M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511499531"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Halfon S. andM.Friendly.2013. \u201cInclusion of Young Children With Disabilities in Regulated Child Care in Canada: A Snapshot: Research Policy and Practice.\u201d Childcare Resource and Research Unit. Accessed January 3 2024.https:\/\/childcarecanada.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Occasional%20paper%2027%20FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada.2025. \u201cProgress and Impact of Canada\u2010Wide Early Learning and Child Care.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/employment\u2010social\u2010development\/programs\/early\u2010learning\u2010child\u2010care\/progress\u2010impact.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Institut de la Statistique du Qu\u00e9bec.2023. \u201cChild Development in Kindergarten 2022.\u201d Accessed June 5 2025.https:\/\/statistique.quebec.ca\/en\/document\/developpement\u2010enfants\u2010maternelle\u20102022."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Inclusion Quality: Children With Disabilities in Early Learning and Child Care in Canada","author":"Irwin S. H.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"A Matter of Urgency: Including Children With Special Needs in Child Care in Canada","author":"Irwin S. H.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25318\/82\u2010003\u2010x202401000003\u2010eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Children With Long\u2010Term Conditions or Disabilities: Why Some Are Not in Non\u2010Parental Child Care","volume":"5","author":"Leanage A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Economic and Social Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5206\/eei.v29i3.9388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20792-1_42"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Parliament of Canada.2024. \u201cBill C\u201035: Canada Early Learning and Child Care Act (44th Parliament 1st Session).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.parl.ca\/legisinfo\/en\/bill\/44\u20101\/c\u201035."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.70110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development","author":"Shonkoff J. P.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Statistics Canada.2024. \u201cVisible Minority Concept Consultative Engagement.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/consultation\/2022\/visible\u2010minority\u2010concept."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277\u20109536(89)90157\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Underwood K. andK.Snodden.2021. \u201cIECSS Policy Brief No. 10: Deaf Childhoodsand Inclusive Early Childhood Education and Care.\u201d Inclusive Early Childhood Service System Project.https:\/\/www.torontomu.ca\/inclusive\u2010early\u2010childhood\u2010service\u2010system\/findings\/publications\/PolicyBriefNo.10_Deafchildhoodsandinclusiveearlychildhoodeducationandcare_FINALupdated_May17 2021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"United Nations. n.d. \u201cThe 17 Goals.\u201dhttps:\/\/globalgoals.org\/goals\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798420930932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO].2022. \u201cInternational Classification of Diseases Eleventh Revision (ICD\u201011).\u201d Geneva: License: CC BY\u2010ND 3.0 IGO. Accessed June 3 2024.https:\/\/icd.who.int\/en."}],"container-title":["Child: Care, Health and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cch.70291","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cch.70291","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cch.70291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T02:34:02Z","timestamp":1779417242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cch.70291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cch.70291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cch.70291","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1862","1365-2214"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1862","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2214","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70291"}}