{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:56:05Z","timestamp":1790571365159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>School participation is frequency and involvement from person\u2013environment transactions, not diagnosis, per the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the family of participation\u2010related constructs (fPRC). In this framework, the environmental and child determinants of school participation (e.g., school routines and peer\/teacher context; self\u2010regulation, activity competence and preferences) interact bidirectionally to shape everyday participation. However, many interventions still target isolated impairments, overlooking coordinated changes in capacities and context. Grounded in this contemporary view, this study aimed to investigate the impact of an immersive virtual reality (IVR) intervention on school participation\u2013related constructs in children with ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 92 children aged between 7 and 12\u2009years diagnosed with ADHD. Participants were randomly assigned into intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200946) and control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200946) groups. Both groups completed the School Participation Questionnaire (SPQ) and Bruininks\u2013Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Test 2 Brief Form (BOT2\u2010BF) assessment prior to the intervention. The intervention group received an IVR intervention program twice a week for 8 weeks. During this period, the control group did not receive additional therapy. At the end of the 8 weeks, the SPQ was readministered to both groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline characteristics showed no significant differences in SPQ and BOT2\u2010BF results between groups, confirming homogeneity prior to intervention. Following the intervention, the study group demonstrated significant improvements across all domains of the SPQ (doing, being, symptoms and environment), with large effect sizes for SPQ total score (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.978) and subdomains (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.452\u20130.910). In contrast, the control group showed no improvements and even declines in subdomains. Post\u2010intervention, between\u2010group comparisons revealed significant differences favouring the study group across all domains (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with large effect sizes (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.878\u20131.165).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that the IVR program was associated with improvements in teacher\u2010rated environmental and child determinants of school participation (SPQ domains) in children with ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.70328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T23:45:51Z","timestamp":1786491951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Immersive Virtual Reality as an Approach to Improve School Participation\u2013Related Constructs in Children With ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2840-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bark\u0131n","family":"K\u00f6se","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy Faculty of G\u00fclhane Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey  Ankara Turkey"},{"name":"School of Physical and Occupational Therapy Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3387-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emine Cansu","family":"G\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Health Sciences, K\u00fctahya University of Health Sciences  K\u00fctahya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1781-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcleser","family":"G\u00fcney Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00fcberra","family":"Tanr\u0131verdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University  \u0130stanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2453-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Anaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Occupational Therapy Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21125\/edulearn.2025.1253"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1591504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15394492241238951"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Bruininks\u2010Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Brief Form","author":"Bruininks R. 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