{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:56:00Z","timestamp":1790571360790,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although participation in organised extracurricular activities has been associated with higher self\u2010esteem, high participation frequency may have adverse effects, as proposed by the overscheduling hypothesis. Longitudinal evidence from non\u2010Western countries is limited. We examined whether the frequency of enrichment\u2010oriented out\u2010of\u2010school lessons (naraigoto) in fourth grade was associated with self\u2010esteem in sixth grade in a Japanese large\u2010scale cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analysed longitudinal data from the Japanese Longitudinal Study of Children and Parents from fourth grade (baseline, 2017\u20132019) to sixth grade (follow\u2010up, 2019\u20132021) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093399). The exposure was the frequency of enrichment\u2010oriented activities in fourth grade, excluding academic tutoring (juku). The outcome was self\u2010confidence in sixth grade (4\u2010point Likert scale). Ordinal logistic regression models were employed for estimating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, and possible confounders (sociodemographic factors, baseline self\u2010confidence) were adjusted. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted using alternative outcome and alternative exposure definitions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the fully adjusted model, the adjusted odds ratios for higher self\u2010confidence were 1.22 (95% confidence interval 0.96\u20131.55) for one session\/week, 1.30 (1.02\u20131.66) for two sessions\/week, 1.34 (1.04\u20131.73) for three session\/week, 1.41 (1.10\u20131.82) for four to five sessions\/week, and 1.22 (0.87\u20131.71) for six or more sessions\/week, compared with zero sessions\/week (reference). Associations were strongest at two to five sessions\/week, with no increase at six or more sessions\/week. Results were similar in sensitivity analyses. Gender\u2010stratified analyses suggested that these associations were significant only in male participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enrichment activity participation was associated with self\u2010esteem 2\u2009years later, with the strongest associations at moderate frequencies. Future studies should examine total amount of time and qualitative aspects of participation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.70336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:34:35Z","timestamp":1787618075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frequency of Organised Enrichment Activities and Later Self\u2010Esteem in Japanese Children: A Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Asada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences  Okayama Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Okayama University Hospital  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5498-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiyoshi","family":"Yokode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences  Okayama Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Okayama University Hospital  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Ohya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences  Okayama Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Medical Development Field Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0392-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Hinotsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Okayama University Hospital  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Okahisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service Center Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7628-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soshi","family":"Takao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yorifuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7371-2821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Takaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Regular Extra Curricular Sports Practice Does Not Prevent Moderate or Severe Variations in Self\u2010Esteem or Trait Anxiety in Early Adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Binsinger C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09555803.2015.1040818"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2009.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010010\u20109563\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101687"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2023.102503"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010011\u20109704\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010008\u20109309\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532\u20107795.2009.00627.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010011\u20109737\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.888718"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010010\u20109551\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000263"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2023.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2379\u20103988.2006.tb00049.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532\u20107795.2012.00808.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12715"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493513519295"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218488"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244016666606"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000922"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.839473"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2011.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167201272002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1539137"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.42.2.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.84.1.205"}],"container-title":["Child: Care, Health and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cch.70336","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cch.70336","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cch.70336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:24:48Z","timestamp":1790569488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cch.70336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cch.70336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cch.70336","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1862","1365-2214"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1862","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2214","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70336"}}