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Yet infants willingly undergo this developmental transition, despite incurring costs of shaky steps, frequent falls, and inability to gauge affordances for action in their new upright posture. Why do infants persist with walking when crawling serves the purpose of independent mobility? In this article, we present an integrative analysis of the costs and benefits associated with crawling and walking that challenges prior assumptions, and reveals deficits of crawling and benefits of upright locomotion that were previously overlooked. Inquiry into multiple domains of development reveals that the benefits of persisting with walking outweigh the costs: Compared to crawlers, walking infants cover more space more quickly, experience richer visual input, access and play more with distant objects, and interact in qualitatively new ways with caregivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T03:36:59Z","timestamp":1409542619000},"page":"187-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["The Costs and Benefits of Development: The Transition From Crawling to Walking"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Karen E","family":"Adolph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine S","family":"Tamis-LeMonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026011206075538400_cdep12085-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166199","article-title":"Learning in the development of infant locomotion","volume":"62","author":"Adolph","year":"1997","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"2026011206075538400_cdep12085-cit-0002","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Embodiment, ego-space, and action","author":"Adolph","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026011206075538400_cdep12085-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612446346","article-title":"How do you learn to walk? 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