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At age 8, children were classified as having dyslexia or Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and compared at earlier time points with controls. Children with dyslexia have specific difficulties with phonology and emergent reading skills in the preschool period, whereas children with DLD, with or without dyslexia, show a wider range of impairments including significant problems with executive and motor tasks. For children with both dyslexia and DLD, difficulties with phonology are generally more severe than those observed in children with dyslexia or DLD alone. Findings confirm that poor phonology is the major cognitive risk factor for dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T17:30:39Z","timestamp":1548351039000},"page":"e548-e564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Developmental Outcomes for Children at High Risk of Dyslexia and Children With Developmental Language Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0836-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret J","family":"Snowling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1242-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debbie C","family":"Gooch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Surrey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna E","family":"Hayiou-Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9499-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Hulme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Language and Reading Project Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010915050182900_cdev13216-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12691","article-title":"Explaining the sex difference in dyslexia","volume":"58","author":"Arnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010915050182900_cdev13216-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD","volume":"121","author":"Barkley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2026010915050182900_cdev13216-cit-0003","volume-title":"The Test for Reception of Grammar (TROG\u20132)","author":"Bishop","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026010915050182900_cdev13216-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00844.x","article-title":"A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation","volume":"31","author":"Bishop","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010915050182900_cdev13216-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01281.x","article-title":"Children who read words accurately despite language impairment: Who are they and how do they do it?","volume":"80","author":"Bishop","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010915050182900_cdev13216-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: Same or different?","volume":"130","author":"Bishop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2026010915050182900_cdev13216-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12721","article-title":"CATALISE: A multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development. 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