{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:19:33Z","timestamp":1768267173706,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1463,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Changing the way children make their response appears to sometimes, but not always, boost their inhibitory control\u2014though interpreting existing findings is hampered by inconsistent methods and results. This study investigated the effects of delaying, and changing, the means of responding. Ninety-six preschoolers (Mage 46 months) completed tasks assessing inhibitory control, counterfactual reasoning, strategic reasoning, and false belief understanding. Children responded either immediately or after a delay, and either by pointing with their finger, or with a hand-held arrow. Delaying boosted performance on all tasks except false belief understanding; arrow-pointing only improved strategic reasoning. It is suggested that delay helps children work out the correct response; it is unlikely to help on tasks where this requirement is absent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T14:30:55Z","timestamp":1625236255000},"page":"2205-2212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Can We Boost Preschoolers\u2019 Inhibitory Performance Just by Changing the Way They Respond?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2190-7253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Blakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Essex"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2010.05.008","article-title":"Thinking about false belief: It\u2019s not just what children say, but how long it takes them to say it","volume":"116","author":"Atance","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.006","article-title":"False-belief understanding in infants","volume":"14","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615604625","article-title":"Time isn\u2019t of the essence: Activating goals rather than imposing delays improves inhibitory control in children","volume":"26","author":"Barker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.07.009","article-title":"Supporting children\u2019s counterfactual thinking with alternative modes of responding","volume":"108","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/13546780903135904","article-title":"Relating developments in children\u2019s counterfactual thinking and executive functions","volume":"15","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thinking and Reasoning"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00333","article-title":"Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind","volume":"72","author":"Carlson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.00672.x","article-title":"The role of inhibitory processes in young children's difficulties with deception and false belief","volume":"69","author":"Carlson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12033","article-title":"Why do alternative ways of responding improve children\u2019s performance on tests of strategic reasoning?","volume":"32","author":"Carroll","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.03.001","article-title":"How do alternative ways of responding influence 3- and 4-year-olds\u2019 performance on tests of executive function and theory of mind?","volume":"112","author":"Carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1348\/026151099165447","article-title":"Children\u2019s comprehension of deceptive points","volume":"17","author":"Couillard","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.3.352","article-title":"Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response","volume":"38","author":"Diamond","year":"2002","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2307\/1128638","article-title":"Developmental variability in reaction time","volume":"48","author":"Eckert","year":"1977","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90068-X","article-title":"The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 3.5\u20137 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test","volume":"53","author":"Gerstadt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067374","article-title":"Individual differences in inhibitory control, not non-verbal number acuity, correlate with mathematics achievement","volume":"8","author":"Gilmore","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2627","article-title":"Executive control within strategic deception: A window on early cognitive development?","volume":"80","author":"Hala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12148","article-title":"False belief in infancy: A fresh look","volume":"17","author":"Heyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0018","volume-title":"The PATHS curriculum","author":"Kusche","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0164382","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164382","article-title":"The effect of psychological distance on children\u2019s reasoning about future preferences","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2015.10.003","article-title":"Do children need reminders on the Day-Night task, or simply some way to prevent them from responding too quickly?","volume":"37","author":"Ling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2011.583699","article-title":"The effect of delayed responding on Stroop-like task performance among preschoolers","volume":"173","author":"Montgomery","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Genetic Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019821031523","article-title":"Effortful control: Factor structure and relation to externalizing and internalizing behaviors","volume":"30","author":"Murray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2011.07.002","article-title":"Pointing disrupts preschoolers\u2019 ability to discriminate between knowledgeable and ignorant informants","volume":"27","author":"Palmquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.02.001","article-title":"Measuring the development of inhibitory control: The challenge of heterotypic continuity","volume":"40","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(02)00163-6","article-title":"Mechanising an executive task: The performance of preschool children, children with autism and with moderate learning difficulties in the automated Windows Task","volume":"18","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00917.x","article-title":"Executive functioning and preschoolers\u2019 understanding of false beliefs, false photographs, and false signs","volume":"77","author":"Sabbagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12949","article-title":"Fine motor control underlies the association between response inhibition and drawing skill in early development","volume":"90","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.2.417","article-title":"Under what conditions do young children have difficulty inhibiting manual actions?","volume":"43","author":"Simpson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.576","article-title":"What makes responses prepotent for young children? Insights from the Grass\/Snow task","volume":"18","author":"Simpson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infant and Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914123862200_cdev13617-cit-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(83)90004-5","article-title":"Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children\u2019s understanding of deception","volume":"13","author":"Wimmer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cognition"}],"container-title":["Child Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cdev.13617","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cdev.13617","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/92\/6\/2205\/64276498\/cdev13617.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/92\/6\/2205\/64276498\/cdev13617.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:16:40Z","timestamp":1767986200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article\/92\/6\/2205\/8254700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.13617","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-3920","1467-8624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-3920","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}