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This study also examined the impacts of maternal intrusiveness and frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry at age 4 on the developmental patterns of shyness and anger\/frustration. 180 children (92 boys, 88 girls; Mage = 4.07 years at baseline; 75.6% White, 18.3% Black, 6.1% multiracial\/other) participated in the study. Normative development included significant linear decreases in shyness and anger\/frustration. Individual variation existed in the developmental patterns. Children with left frontal EEG asymmetry showed a faster decreasing pattern of shyness. Children who experienced higher maternal intrusiveness and had left frontal EEG asymmetry showed a slower decreasing pattern of anger\/frustration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:38:40Z","timestamp":1625186320000},"page":"2529-2545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Temperamental Shyness and Anger\/Frustration in Childhood: Normative Development, Individual Differences, and the Impacts of Maternal Intrusiveness and Frontal Electroencephalogram Asymmetry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9402-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dexin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha Ann","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010914131738700_cdev13621-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v055.i06","article-title":"Performing the kernel method of test equating with the package kequate","volume":"55","author":"Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2026010914131738700_cdev13621-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12482","article-title":"Longitudinal pathways from shyness in early childhood to personality in adolescence: Do peers matter?","volume":"30","author":"Baardstu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"2026010914131738700_cdev13621-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2012.691143","article-title":"Using EEG to study cognitive development: Issues and practices","volume":"13","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"2026010914131738700_cdev13621-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017376","article-title":"Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences","volume":"135","author":"Belsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2026010914131738700_cdev13621-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x","article-title":"A developmental perspective on executive function","volume":"81","author":"Best","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914131738700_cdev13621-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012954","article-title":"Trajectories of social withdrawal from grades 1 to 6: Prediction from early parenting, attachment, and temperament","volume":"44","author":"Booth-LaForce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914131738700_cdev13621-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12367","article-title":"Infant temperament: Stability by age, gender, birth order, term status, and socioeconomic status","volume":"86","author":"Bornstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914131738700_cdev13621-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023227","article-title":"Which fearful toddlers should we worry about? 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