{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:11:29Z","timestamp":1776132689981,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Shyness can manifest on behavioral, affective, and physiological levels, but little is known about how these components cluster. We coded behavioral expressions of avoidance\/inhibition, collected self-reported nervousness, and measured cardiac vagal withdrawal in 152 children (M \u00a0age = 7.82 years, 73 girls, 82% White) to a speech task in 2018\u20132021. A latent profile analysis using these behavioral, affective, and physiological indicators revealed four profiles: average reactive (43%), lower affective reactive (20%), higher affective reactive (26%), and consistently higher reactive (11%). Membership in the higher reactive profile predicted higher parent-reported temperamental shyness across 2 years. Findings provide empirical support for the long-theorized idea that shyness might exist as an emotional state but also represents a distinct temperamental quality for some children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T07:15:59Z","timestamp":1684480559000},"page":"1068-1077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Latent profiles of children's shyness: Behavioral, affective, and physiological components"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2360-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristie L","family":"Poole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis A","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0525-3_8","volume-title":"Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment","author":"Asendorpf","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3510127","article-title":"ECG artifacts and heart period variability: Don't miss a beat!","volume":"35","author":"Berntson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.11.007","article-title":"The relation between public speaking anxiety and social anxiety: A review","volume":"23","author":"Bl\u00f6te","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.039713","article-title":"The speech performance observation scale for youth (SPOSY): Assessing social performance characteristics related to social anxiety","volume":"6","author":"Bl\u00f6te","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.5.904","article-title":"Shyness and sociability reexamined: A multicomponent analysis","volume":"57","author":"Bruch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12170","article-title":"Early life stress: Effects on the regulation of anxiety expression in children and adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Burkholder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.41.2.330","article-title":"Shyness and sociability","volume":"41","author":"Cheek","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470567333","volume-title":"Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences","author":"Collins","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0206-0","article-title":"Social anxiety symptoms in young children: Investigating the interplay of theory of mind and expressions of shyness","volume":"45","author":"Colonnesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1348\/026151008X396153","article-title":"The social behaviours of inhibited children in and out of preschool","volume":"27","author":"Coplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2307\/1131370","article-title":"Being alone, playing alone, and acting alone: Distinguishing among reticence and passive and active solitude in young children","volume":"65","author":"Coplan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00832.x","article-title":"Age related differences in children's understanding of shyness","volume":"8","author":"Crozier","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037751","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of social reticence with unfamiliar peers across early childhood","volume":"50","author":"Degnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21246","article-title":"Linking bioregulatory systems: Reciprocal autonomic activation predicts sleep over 1 year in middle childhood","volume":"57","author":"Erath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00262","article-title":"Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: Psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life","volume":"72","author":"Fox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.2307\/1131909","article-title":"Frontal activation asymmetry and social competence at four years of age","volume":"66","author":"Fox","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2021.105177","article-title":"Trajectories of behavioral avoidance in real time: Associations with temperament and physiological dysregulation in preschoolers","volume":"209","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0525-3_12","volume-title":"Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment","author":"Izard","year":"1986"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.4.668","article-title":"Temperamental contributions to social behavior","volume":"44","author":"Kagan","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0020","volume-title":"Galen's prophecy","author":"Kagan","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170158","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0158","article-title":"Perspectives on two temperamental biases","volume":"373","author":"Kagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2307\/1130685","article-title":"The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children","volume":"58","author":"Kagan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3353713","article-title":"Biological bases of childhood shyness","volume":"240","author":"Kagan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402003048","article-title":"One measure, one meaning: Multiple measures, clearer meaning","volume":"14","author":"Kagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0026","first-page":"91","volume-title":"The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research","author":"Lagattuta","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0525-3_3","volume-title":"Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment","author":"Leary","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12110","article-title":"Sensitivity to social and non-social threats in temperamentally shy children at-risk for anxiety","volume":"17","author":"LoBue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00269.x","article-title":"Factors and taxa, traits and types, differences of degree and differences in kind","volume":"60","author":"Meehl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/11383-025","volume-title":"Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology","author":"Morris","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176","article-title":"Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis","volume":"4","author":"Nylund-Gibson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Translational Issues in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21620","article-title":"Trajectories of frontal brain activity and socio-emotional development in children","volume":"60","author":"Poole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000951","article-title":"While a shy child waits: Autonomic and affective responses during the anticipation and delivery of a speech","volume":"21","author":"Poole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(94)00066-A","article-title":"Cardiac vagal tone: A physiological index of stress","volume":"19","author":"Porges","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","article-title":"The polyvagal perspective","volume":"74","author":"Porges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00355","article-title":"Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire","volume":"72","author":"Rothbart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642","article-title":"Social withdrawal in childhood","volume":"60","author":"Rubin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0525-3_18","volume-title":"Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment","author":"Russell","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(94)90038-8","article-title":"Patterns of cortical electrophysiology and autonomic activity in adults\u2019 shyness and sociability","volume":"38","author":"Schmidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199703)30:2<127::AID-DEV4>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children","volume":"30","author":"Schmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199909)35:2<119::AID-DEV5>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of self-presentation in temperamentally shy children","volume":"35","author":"Schmidt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104582","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the Trier social stress test in eliciting physiological stress responses in children and adolescents","volume":"116","author":"Seddon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20133","article-title":"Do temperamentally shy children process emotion differently than nonshy children? Behavioral, psychophysiological, and gender differences in reticent preschoolers","volume":"48","author":"Theall-Honey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02610","article-title":"A review of behavioral observation coding approaches for the Trier social stress test for children","volume":"9","author":"Thomassin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020616","article-title":"Early temperamental and family predictors of shyness and anxiety","volume":"46","author":"Volbrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00259","article-title":"Taxonic structure of infant reactivity: Evidence from a taxometric perspective","volume":"11","author":"Woodward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0049","volume-title":"Shyness: What is it and what to do about it","author":"Zimbardo","year":"1977"},{"key":"2026010914171464800_cdev13920-cit-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0525-3_2","volume-title":"Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment","author":"Zimbardo","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["Child Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/94\/4\/1068\/64279840\/cdev13920.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/94\/4\/1068\/64279840\/cdev13920.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:29:12Z","timestamp":1767986952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article\/94\/4\/1068\/8255147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.13920","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-3920","1467-8624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-3920","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}