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Cochlear implanted (CI) children (n = 67; mean age 2.77 year \u00b1 1.31 SD; 28 females) with prelingual deafness provide a unique opportunity to study this stage. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, it was revealed that the brain of CI children was irresponsive to sounds at CI hearing onset. With increasing CI experiences up to 32 months, the brain demonstrated function, region and hemisphere specific development. Most strikingly, the left anterior temporal lobe showed an oscillatory trajectory, changing in opposite phases for speech and noise. The study provides the first longitudinal brain imaging evidence for early auditory development preceding speech acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T07:34:47Z","timestamp":1715672087000},"page":"1693-1708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anti-phasic oscillatory development for speech and noise processing in cochlear implanted toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 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