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We examined how print\u2013speech convergence changes from children (mean age: 11.07+0.48) to adults (mean age: 21.33+1.80) in 86 readers with or without RD. The participants were recruited in elementary schools and associate degree colleges in China (from 2020 to 2021). Three patterns of abnormalities were revealed: (1) persistent reduction of print\u2013speech convergence in the left inferior parietal cortex in both children and adults with RD, suggesting a neural signature of RD; (2) reduction of print\u2013speech convergence in the left inferior frontal gyrus only evident in children but not adults with RD, suggesting a developmental delay; and (3) increased print\u2013speech convergence in adults with RD than typical adults in the bilateral cerebella\/fusiform, suggesting compensations. It provides insights into developmental differences in brain functional abnormalities in RD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1721455818000},"page":"1982-1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reading disability is characterized by reduced print\u2013speech convergence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2801-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong ,","place":["Hong Kong"]},{"name":"State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong ,","place":["Hong 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