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To understand why, we took day-long home recordings using microphones and autonomic monitors from 74 12-month-old infant\u2013caregiver dyads (40% male, 60% white, data collected between 2018 and 2021). Caregivers in low-Confusion Hubbub And Order Scale (chaos) households responded to negative affect infant vocalizations by changing their own arousal and vocalizing in response; but high-chaos caregivers did not, whereas infants in low-chaos households consistently produced clusters of negative vocalizations around peaks in their own arousal, high-chaos infants did not. Their negative vocalizations were less tied to their own underlying arousal. Our data indicate that, in chaotic households, both communicating and responding are atypical: infants are not expressing their levels of arousal, and caregivers are under-responsive to their infants' behavioral signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T06:55:24Z","timestamp":1731048924000},"page":"527-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Needing to shout to be heard? Caregiver under-responsivity and disconnection between vocal signaling and autonomic arousal in infants from chaotic households"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S V","family":"Wass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of East London , Stratford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C S","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F U","family":"Mirza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of East London , Stratford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E M G","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of East London , Stratford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Goupil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPNC, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes\/CNRS , Grenoble ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026010915032148000_cdev14183-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12641","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12641","article-title":"The social functions of babbling: Acoustic and contextual characteristics that facilitate maternal responsiveness","volume":"21","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010915032148000_cdev14183-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000766","article-title":"Does sensory-processing sensitivity moderate the effect of household chaos on caregiver sensitivity? 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