{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T13:58:33Z","timestamp":1723471113628},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the pattern of fluid consumption, fluoride intake from the fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by children aged 1\u20139\u00a0years in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>uwait, a nonfluoridated community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the cluster sampling technique, children aged 1\u20139\u00a0years were chosen from 2000 randomly selected households in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>uwait. Questionnaires were then administered to their mothers to determine the children's daily fluid intake. Fluoride concentrations in tap water as well as all brands of bottled water and beverages consumed by the children were measured, using the fluoride ion\u2010specific electrode. Fluoride excretion was determined in 400 randomly selected children, based on fluoride\/creatinine ratio.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean daily fluid consumption by the children was high, being 1115\u20131545\u00a0ml. About 40% of the fluid intake was plain (tap and bottled) water and approximately 10% of the children drank bottled water exclusively. Fluoride concentration in tap water was low (0.04\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD 0.02\u00a0ppm), but was higher in bottled water (0.28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD 0.40\u00a0ppm). Mean daily fluoride ingestion from fluids was 0.013\u20130.018\u00a0mg\/kg body weight (bw). Even after allowing for fluoride ingestion from other sources, mean daily fluoride ingestion was still below 0.1\u00a0mg\/kg bw set by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>nited <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>merica <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>nstitute of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>edicine as the lowest\u2010observed\u2010adverse\u2010effect level for moderate enamel fluorosis in children aged up to 8\u00a0years. Furthermore, the mean daily urinary fluoride excretion of 128\u2013220\u00a0\u03bcg was below the provisional standard of 360\u2013480\u00a0\u03bcg for optimal fluoride usage by children aged 3\u20135\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluoride ingestion from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by the children were below the recommendations for optimal fluoride usage. Thus, there is room for an upward adjustment of fluoride level in public drinking water supplies in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>uwait, as a caries preventive measure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T05:56:42Z","timestamp":1383026202000},"page":"224-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fluoride intake from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by young children in <scp>K<\/scp>uwait: a non\u2010fluoridated community"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Enosakhare S.","family":"Akpata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Sciences Kuwait University Safat Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jawad","family":"Behbehani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Sciences Kuwait University Safat 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