{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:21:01Z","timestamp":1788952861219,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]],"date-time":"2015-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Decades of conflict, poverty, and dysfunctional public services have affected people's health in Afghanistan. To estimate treatment needs and guide health initiatives, epidemiologic data are required. Such data are currently unavailable for dental health. The present study assessed caries experience, fluorosis, and oral health behavior in children from Afghanistan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a two\u2010stage, school\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study in Herat province in Afghanistan. A total of 1059 children, 369 children aged 6\u20137, 300 aged 12, and 390 aged 15\u00a0years, were sampled. Caries was assessed according to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICDAS<\/jats:styled-content>, and oral hygiene, dietary habits, and parental economic and educational status evaluated. Prevalence of fluorosis was assessed, and fluoride concentrations in drinking water and in used toothpastes were measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>) number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth was dmft\u00a0=\u00a04.88 (3.11), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMFT<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.57 (2.16), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMFT<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a04.04 (3.03) in 6\u2010\/7\u2010, 12\u2010, and 15\u2010year\u2010olds, respectively. The majority of lesions in 6\u2010year\u2010olds were cavitated, while 12\u2010 and 15\u2010year\u2010olds showed more non\u2010 or microcavitated lesions. Most lesions, especially in young children, were untreated. Mean (range) water fluoride concentration was 0.37 (0.19\u20130.67)\u00a0ppm. Fluoride concentrations in evaluated toothpastes did not meet internationally recommended levels. The majority of children showed no or minimal fluorosis. Having fluorosis, infrequently consuming sweets, or having a father with high education was associated with low caries experience (dmfs\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMFS<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a010), with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) being 0.64 (0.47\/0.90), 0.65 (0.44\u20130.95), and 0.64 (0.47\/0.90), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Examined Afghan children had high unmet dental treatment needs and caries experience. Sufficient access to restorative treatment and prevention measures is urgently required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]],"date-time":"2015-06-18T13:30:48Z","timestamp":1434634248000},"page":"521-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Dental caries, fluorosis, and oral health behavior of children from Herat, Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Falk","family":"Schwendicke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferhat","family":"Doost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian\u2010Albrechts\u2010University Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Hopfenm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Meyer\u2010Lueckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0496"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91013-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Human Development Reports 2014. 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