{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T02:17:40Z","timestamp":1786587460617,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000765","name":"University College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["157871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["157871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004330","name":"GlaxoSmithKline","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["157871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["157871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To measure dental caries, erosive tooth wear (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ETW<\/jats:styled-content>), periodontal health, self\u2010reported oral health problems and performance impacts in a representative sample of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> elite athletes from different sports using standardized conditions clearly defined clinical indices and a measure of impact on performance with evidence of validity in sport.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study, with single, calibrated examiner, conducted in the local facilities of elite and professional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> athletes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UCL<\/jats:styled-content> ethics number 6388\/001). Main oral measures: dental caries (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICDAS<\/jats:styled-content>), erosive tooth wear (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BEWE<\/jats:styled-content>), periodontal health (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPE<\/jats:styled-content>) and athlete\u2010reported performance impacts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 352 athletes from eleven sports. The mean age was 25\u00a0years (range 18\u201039), and 67.0% were male. We found caries (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICDAS<\/jats:styled-content> code \u22653) in 49.1% of athletes, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ETW<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BEWE<\/jats:styled-content> score of \u22657) in 41.4%, gingival bleeding on probing\/presence of calculus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPE<\/jats:styled-content> score 1 or 2) in 77.0% and pocket probing depths of at least 4\u00a0mm (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPE<\/jats:styled-content> score 3 or 4) in a further 21.6%. One in five athletes reported previous wisdom teeth problems. The odds of having caries were 2.4 times greater in team sport than endurance sport (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.3\u20103.2). The odds of having erosion were 2.0 times greater in team sport than endurance sport (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.3\u20103.1). Overall, 32.0% athletes reported an oral health\u2010related impact on sport performance: oral pain (29.9%), difficulty participating in normal training and competition (9.0%), performance affected (5.8%) and reduction in training volume (3.8%). Other impacts were difficulty with eating (34.6%), relaxing (15.1%) and smiling (17.2%). Several oral health problems were associated with performance impacts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first large representative sample study of oral health in athletes from different sports at elite level. Although experience of oral disease differs by sport, the prevalence, in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> elite and professional athletes, is substantial, with common self\u2010reported performance impacts. Regular screening and use of effective oral health promotion strategies may minimize performance impacts from poor oral health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T11:20:43Z","timestamp":1533813643000},"page":"563-568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Oral health and performance impacts in elite and professional athletes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4891-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oral Health and Performance University College London Eastman Dental Institute London UK"},{"name":"UK IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oral Health and Performance University College London Eastman Dental Institute London UK"},{"name":"UK IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aviva","family":"Petrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oral Health and Performance University College London Eastman Dental Institute London UK"},{"name":"UK IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4696-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Needleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oral Health and Performance University College London Eastman Dental Institute London UK"},{"name":"UK IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.The Liverpool Declaration. 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