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The origins of health inequalities in cancer are socioeconomic, although they vary by time and country. Evidence from Low\u2010and Middle\u2010income Countries (LMICs) remains scarce. This study aims to identify and describe socioeconomic inequalities in LOP cancers incidence and mortality in Costa Rica. The hypothesis tested is that people leaving in low\u2010SEP districts in Costa Rica have greater incidence and mortality rates of lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 10th revision of the International\u00a0Classification of Diseases (ICD\u201010) was used to define cancer sites. Data come from a national population\u2010based Cancer Registry with 100% completeness to study incidence. Incidence rate included all new cases of LOP cancer diagnosed from January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2015, for a total of 2\u00a0798\u00a0517 individuals, 13\u00a0832\u00a0524\u00a0years of follow\u2010up and 601 LOP cases. Mortality rate was extracted from the National Death Index, including 2\u00a0739\u00a0733 individuals, 23\u00a0950\u00a0240 person\u2010years of follow\u2010up and 586 LOP cancer deaths, from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2018. The 2011 Census (with 94% of Costa Rican inhabitants) was used to characterize the urbanicity and wealth of 477 districts. Survival models were performed for both incidence and mortality, allowing to consider existing competitive risks. Cox models were used for incidence, and parametric survival models based on a Gompertz distribution for mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study found that people who lived in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged areas had lower probabilities of developing LOP cancers than people in the richest districts. The same pattern for mortality, however, was not significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hypothesis that incidence and mortality of LOP cancers will show a positive social gradient was not confirmed in this study, contradicting the existing literature. This could be explained by the social distribution of risky health behaviours, more frequent in socially advantaged populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T16:00:30Z","timestamp":1622649630000},"page":"243-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Social inequality in incidence and mortality of malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx: Is Costa Rica an international paradox?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7208-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Barboza Sol\u00eds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda Universidad de Costa Rica  San Jos\u00e9 Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessie","family":"Reyes\u2010Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda Universidad de Costa Rica  San Jos\u00e9 Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Fantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Centroamericano de Poblaci\u00f3n Universidad de Costa Rica  San Jos\u00e9 Costa Rica"},{"name":"Escuela de Salud P\u00fablica Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Costa Rica  San Jos\u00e9 Costa Rica"},{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Costa Rica  San Jos\u00e9 Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"376","volume-title":"Social Determinants of Health","author":"Marmot M","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Concepts and principles for tackling social inequities in health: Levelling up Part 1","author":"Whitehead M","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"VaccarellaS DeVriesE ConwayDI MackenbachJP.Social inequalities in cancer within countries."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511402082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23430"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2012000900006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.020409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sonc.2001.21958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.097691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2013047003724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2016.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Health.National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. 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