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We studied Grade 2 schoolchildren (approximately 7\u00a0years old) 7\u20108\u00a0years after fluoridation cessation in Calgary, thus capturing children born after cessation occurred. Data collection included a dental examination conducted in school by calibrated dental hygienists, a questionnaire completed by parents, and fingernail clippings for a small subsample. Our overall analytic approach was twofold. We first examined differences in dental caries experience (<jats:italic>deft<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DMFT<\/jats:italic>, and smooth surface caries based on <jats:italic>defs<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DMFS<\/jats:italic>) between Calgary and Edmonton and over time (comparing 2018\/2019 data to pre\u2010cessation and early post\u2010cessation surveys in our setting). Second, we evaluated whether differences were likely to reflect fluoridation cessation in Calgary, rather than other factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of caries in the primary dentition was significantly higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) in Calgary (fluoridation cessation) than in Edmonton (still fluoridated). For example, crude <jats:italic>deft<\/jats:italic> prevalence in 2018\/2019 was 64.8% (95% CI 62.3\u201067.3), n\u00a0=\u00a02649 in Calgary and 55.1% (95% CI 52.3\u201057.8), n\u00a0=\u00a02600 in Edmonton. These differences were consistent and robust: they persisted with adjustment for potential confounders and in the subset of respondents who were lifelong residents and reported usually drinking tap water; they had widened over time since cessation; and they were corroborated by assessments of dental fluorosis and estimates of total fluoride intake from fingernail clippings. Findings for permanent teeth were less consistent, which likely reflects that 7\u2010year\u2010olds have not had the time to accumulate enough permanent dentition caries experience for differences to have become apparent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings are consistent with an adverse impact of fluoridation cessation on children's dental health in Calgary and point to the need for universal, publicly funded prevention activities\u2014including but not limited to fluoridation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T12:01:53Z","timestamp":1627300913000},"page":"391-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Fluoridation cessation and children\u2019s dental caries: A 7\u2010year follow\u2010up evaluation of Grade 2 schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8435-4804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay","family":"McLaren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven K.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Faris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data &amp; Analytics Alberta Health Services  Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanmin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Canada"},{"name":"Data &amp; Analytics Alberta Health Services  Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8993-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salima","family":"Thawer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Education Western University  London Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Canada"},{"name":"Provincial Oral Health Office Provincial Population and Public Health Alberta Health Services  Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1247-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Weijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Arts Department of Geography University of Calgary  Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Canada"},{"name":"Strategic Clinical Networks Alberta Health Services  Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Waye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation &amp; 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