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Good models should incorporate updated evidence and clarify knowledge gaps to derive logical hypotheses. Developing models and deriving testable hypotheses in operational models can be challenging, as seen in the four examples referred to in this commentary. One challenge concerns the theoretical validity of the model, while another relates to difficulties in operationalizing abstract concepts. A third challenge refers to the lack of sufficient information in the dataset to test partially or even the whole model. Finally, a common challenge is the application of a conceptual model to different contexts. Among the existing methodological approaches to operationalize conceptual models, causal graphs may be helpful, especially when combined with approaches from diverse disciplinary fields via triangulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T17:33:47Z","timestamp":1675791227000},"page":"58-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Challenges in operationalizing conceptual models in aetiological research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2468-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger Keller","family":"Celeste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Carriconde","family":"Colvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3207-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafaela Soares","family":"Rech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Therapy Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Eduardo","family":"Reichenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology State University of Rio de Janeiro  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1816-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Luiz","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Federal University of Santa Catarina  Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","author":"Frigg R","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X1998000200004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04898-2_162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"413","volume-title":"Theory Construction and Model\u2010Building Skills: a Practical Guide for Social Scientists","author":"Jaccard J","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"What, what for and how? 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