{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:07:42Z","timestamp":1791839262137,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>An important part of Norwegian welfare policy is to provide subsidized orthodontic treatment for children and adolescents. The objective of this policy is that dental services should be allocated according to children's need for treatment, and not according to parents' ability to pay. The probability of receiving orthodontic treatment independent of parent's household income was examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population encompassed children and adolescents aged 10\u201318\u2009years in 2019 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009354\u2009439). Information about whether they had started orthodontic treatment was obtained from the Norwegian Health Economics Administration. The key independent variable was net equalized household income. Inequalities were measured using concentration indices, which were estimated according to the severity of the malocclusion (very great need, great need, obvious need and no need). Two indices were used to measure relative inequality: the unstandardized concentration index and the partial concentration index. Absolute inequality was measured using the corrected concentration index. Relevant control variables were included in some of the analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The unstandardized indices were in the range 0.04 (very great need) to 0.05 (obvious need). For all three groups of severity, the 95% confidence intervals overlapped. The values of the partial indices were significantly lower than the values of the unstandardized indices. The partial indices were in the range 0.008 (very great need) to 0.03 (obvious need). The 95% confidence intervals for the partial indices did not overlap with the 95% confidence intervals of the unstandardized indices. For all three groups of severity, the indices that measured absolute inequality were close to zero.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is possible to achieve the egalitarian aim of equality in service provision by subsidizing orthodontic treatment. This is possible within a system where the cost of orthodontic treatment is reimbursed according to the criteria of need. These criteria function in such a way that patients with the greatest need for orthodontic treatment are given the highest priority.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T06:56:13Z","timestamp":1698735373000},"page":"232-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Does subsidized orthodontic treatment reduce inequalities in\u00a0access? Evidence from Norway based on population register\u00a0data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas Minet","family":"Kinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Health Management and Health Economics University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Skau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jostein","family":"Grytten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital  L\u00f8renskog Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Oral healthcare systems in the extended European Union","volume":"2","author":"Widstr\u00f6m E","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15761\/DOCR.1000261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001789690506400302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Comparative study of oral health systems in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Murariu A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.13458.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-019-0661-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Oral health systems in Europe. Part I: finance and entitlement to care","volume":"15","author":"Anderson R","year":"1998","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02962506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Tilgjengelighet, kompetanse og sosial utjevning\u2013Framtidas tannhelsetjenester","author":"Ministry of Health and Care Services","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Act no.54 of 3 June 1983 Relating to Dental Health Services","author":"Ministry of Social Affairs","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Care Services.Forskrift om st\u00f8nad til dekning av utgifter til unders\u00f8kelse og behandling hos tannlege og tannpleier for sykdom. Accessed August 31 2023.https:\/\/lovdata.no\/dokument\/SF\/forskrift\/2014\u201012\u201016\u20101702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1992.tb01698.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Norwegian Directorate of Health.Helsetjenester til asyls\u00f8kere flyktninger og familiegjenforente. Accessed August 31 2023.https:\/\/www.helsedirektoratet.no\/veiledere\/helsetjenester\u2010til\u2010asylsokere\u2010flyktninger\u2010og\u2010familiegjenforente"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"942","article-title":"Length of recall intervals in the public dental service for children and adolescents in Norway","volume":"117","author":"Holst D","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nor Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Preventive care and recall intervals. Targeting of services in child dental care in Norway","volume":"27","author":"Wang N","year":"2010","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"Statistics Norway.Statbank. Dental health care. Table 11961: Patient treatment in public dental health care by patient group (C) 2015\u20132022. Accessed August 31 2023.https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/statbank\/table\/11961\/tableViewLayout1\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/21.5.523"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Applications for reimbursement of orthodontic treatment costs in Norway","volume":"111","author":"Evjen G","year":"2001","journal-title":"Norw Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"Hvor mange barn og unge i Norge f\u00e5r kjeveortopedisk behandling? Notater 2021\/17","author":"Statistics Norway","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2010.00530.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Statistics Norway.Statbank. Dental health care. Table 11774: man\u2010years by personellgruppe and sektor (C) 2015\u20132022. Accessed August 31 2023.https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en\/statbank\/table\/11774\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","article-title":"Access and financial impacts of public orthodontic provision on global health systems: integrative review","volume":"8","author":"Vieira MAR","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Ci\u00eanc Plur"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2016.02.013"},{"issue":"489","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"e9","article-title":"Socio\u2010demographics of adult orthodontic visits in the United States","volume":"133","author":"Whitesides J","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2002.0140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2000.103775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bdj.2007.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2012.724"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2009.00515.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"European Orthodontic Health Insurances","author":"Committee of European Health Insurances","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9873-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-015-0306-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"The Norwegian Health Economics Administration.About Helfo. Accessed August 31 2023.https:\/\/www.helfo.no\/english\/about\u2010helfo"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","volume-title":"Tax for Personal Tax Payers","author":"Statistics Norway","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","first-page":"2016","volume-title":"Norsk standard for utdanningsgruppering 2016. Revidert 2000. Dokumentasjon. Oppdatert 2016. Notater 2016\/30","author":"Barrab\u00e9s N","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"Statistics Norway.Immigration and Emigration. Accessed August 31 2023.https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en\/befolkning\/statistikker\/innvutv\/aar\/2013\u201005\u201002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"Statistics Norway.Population. Population and Housing Censuses. Accessed August 31 2023.https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en\/befolkning?de=Population+and+housing+censuses+"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264119536-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"OECD.What are equivalence scales?Accessed August 31 2023.https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/economy\/growth\/OECD\u2010Note\u2010EquivalenceScales.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6933-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90212-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"European orthodontic specialists in 2002","volume":"5","author":"Linden FPGM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"}],"container-title":["Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cdoe.12918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T05:22:42Z","timestamp":1709875362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cdoe.12918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cdoe.12918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdoe.12918","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-5661","1600-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-5661","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}