{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:24:36Z","timestamp":1792135476060,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aimed to evaluate the performance of deep learning (DL) models in detecting dental plaque and gingivitis from red, green, and blue (RGB) intraoral photographs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to January 31, 2025. The methodological characteristics and performance metrics of studies developing and validating DL models for classification, detection, or segmentation tasks were analysed. The risk of bias was assessed using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies 2 (QUADAS\u20102) tool, and the certainty of the evidence was evaluated with the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 3307 identified records, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 10 focused on dental plaque, 11 on gingivitis, and two addressed both outcomes. The risk of bias was low in all QUADAS\u20102 domains for 11 studies, with low applicability concerns in nine. For dental plaque, DL models showed robust performance in the segmentation task, with intersection over union (IoU) values ranging from 0.64 to 0.86 (median 0.74). Three studies indicated that DL models outperformed dentists in identifying dental plaque when disclosing agents were not used. For gingivitis, the models demonstrated potential but underperformed compared to dental plaque, with IoU values ranging from 0.43 to 0.72 (median 0.63). The certainty of the evidence was moderate for dental plaque and low for gingivitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DL models demonstrate promising potential for detecting dental plaque and gingivitis from intraoral photographs, with superior performance in plaque detection. Leveraging accessible imaging devices such as smartphones, these models can enhance teledentistry and may facilitate early screening for periodontal disease. However, the lack of external testing, multicenter studies, and reporting consistency highlights the need for further research to ensure real\u2010world applicability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.70001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T23:54:37Z","timestamp":1750982077000},"page":"617-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Deep Learning for Detecting Dental Plaque and Gingivitis From Oral Photographs: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Moharrami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dental Oncology Princess Margaret Cancer Centre  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU\/WHO Focus Group AI on Health  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Vahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine School of Dentistry, University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mobina","family":"Bagherianlemraski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazal","family":"Hemmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Center Research Institute of Dental Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonica","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention Department Public Health Ontario  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Quinonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry, Western University  London Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falk","family":"Schwendicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU\/WHO Focus Group AI on Health  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology LMU University Hospital  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Glogauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dental Oncology Princess Margaret Cancer Centre  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care Mount Sinai Hospital  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01221-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05687-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.21409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.20685"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520915714"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Deep Learning","author":"Goodfellow I.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03751-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2022.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02497-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04564-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X16686776"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10721-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page M. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","article-title":"Synthesis Without Meta\u2010Analysis (SWiM) in Systematic Reviews: Reporting Guideline","volume":"368","author":"Campbell M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-3382(01)70024-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC\u20101995\u2010123\u20103\u2010A12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews","author":"Chang S. M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2014.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015151516"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"665","article-title":"Deep Learning\u2010Based Dental Plaque Detection on Permanent Teeth and the Influenced Factors","volume":"56","author":"You W. Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"720","article-title":"Analysis of Dental Plaque by Using Cellular Neural Network\u2010Based Image Segmentation","volume":"42","author":"Luan Q. X.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Stomatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies (HI\u2010POCT)","volume":"2017","author":"Rana A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.Yauney A.Rana L. C.Wong P.Javia A.Muftu andP.Shah \u201cAutomated Process Incorporating Machine Learning Segmentation and Correlation of Oral Diseases With Systemic Health \u201d 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) IEEE; 2019 p. 3387\u20133393.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857965"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545820500145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Imangaliyev M. H.van derVeen C. M. C.Volgenant B. J. F.Keijser W.Crielaard andE.Levin \u201cDeep Learning for Classification of Dental Plaque Images \u201d Machine Learning Optimization and Big Data: Second International Workshop MOD 2016 Volterra Italy August 26\u201329 2016 Revised Selected Papers 2 Springer; 2016 p. 407\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51469-7_34"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"S.Rosini S.Altamura D.Pietropaoli G.Placidi andM.Polsinelli \u201cPeriodontisis Evaluation Through Automatic Teeth Detection and Segmentation From Self\u2010Collected Smartphone Images \u201d 2023 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Computer\u2010Based Medical Systems (CBMS) IEEE; 2023 p. 738\u2013741."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.LiuandH. P.Wu \u201cDistribution Analysis of Dental Plaque Based on Deep Learning \u201d 2022 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics\u2010Taiwan IEEE; 2022 p. 185\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-Taiwan55306.2022.9869078"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15236\/ijcpd.2024.20.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.JiandC.Gong \u201cSegmentation and Quantification of Dental Plaque Using Modified Kernelized Fuzzy C\u2010Means Clustering Algorithm \u201d 2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference IEEE; 2010 p. 788\u2013791.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2010.5498119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Kang X.Li Q.Luan J.Liu andL.Min \u201cDental Plaque Quantification Using Cellular Neural Network\u2010Based Image Segmentation. Intelligent Computing in Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition: International Conference on Intelligent Computing \u201d ICIC 2006 Kunming China August 16\u201319 2006 Springer; 2006 p. 797\u2013802.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-37258-5_94"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.22385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.22298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1897\/1\/012027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.ChenandX.Chen \u201cGingivitis Identification via GLCM and Artificial Neural Network \u201d Medical Imaging and Computer\u2010Aided Diagnosis: Proceeding of 2020 International Conference on Medical Imaging and Computer\u2010Aided Diagnosis (MICAD 2020) Springer; 2020 p. 95\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-5199-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.Askarian F.Tabei G. A.Tipton andJ. W.Chong \u201cSmartphone\u2010Based Method for Detecting Periodontal Disease.\u201d 2019 IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies (HI\u2010POCT) IEEE; 2019 p. 53\u201355.","DOI":"10.1109\/HI-POCT45284.2019.8962844"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. M.Arabi T. S.Naveen N.Vamsha Deepa andD.Samanta \u201cAutomatic Diagnosis of Dental Diseases \u201d Smart and Innovative Trends in Next Generation Computing Technologies: Third International Conference NGCT 2017 Dehradun India October 30\u201331 2017 Revised Selected Papers Part I 3 Springer; 2018 p. 363\u2013375.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8657-1_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19424396.2024.2422146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Joo S.Jeong H.Jin U.Lee J. Y.Yoon andS. C.Kim \u201cPeriodontal Disease Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks \u201d 2019 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC) IEEE; 2019 p. 360\u2013362.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC.2019.8669021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_873_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Moriyama C.Lee S.Date et\u00a0al. \u201cA Map Reduce\u2010Like Deep Learning Model for the Depth Estimation of Periodontal Pockets \u201d HEALTHINF 2019 p. 388\u2013395.","DOI":"10.5220\/0007405703880395"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13111920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","first-page":"1518","article-title":"Periodontal Disease Classification With Color Teeth Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks","volume":"12","author":"Park S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Hossam K.Mohamed R.Tarek A.Elsayed H.Mostafa andS.Selim \u201cAutomated Dental Diagnosis Using Deep Learning \u201d 2021 16th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Systems (ICCES) IEEE; 2021 p. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES54031.2021.9686185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_862_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01114-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70311-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2022.3221529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W.Shang Z.Li andY.Li \u201cIdentification of Common Oral Disease Lesions Based on U\u2010Net \u201d 2021 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Frontiers Technology of Information and Computer (ICFTIC) IEEE; 2021 p. 194\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFTIC54370.2021.9647420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Liang H. W.Fan Z.Fang et\u00a0al. \u201cOralCam: Enabling Self\u2010Examination and Awareness of Oral Health Using a Smartphone Camera \u201d Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2020 p. 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376238"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04460-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3141773"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Li Z.Pang W.Song et\u00a0al. \u201cLow\u2010Shot Learning of Automatic Dental Plaque Segmentation Based on Local\u2010to\u2010Global Feature Fusion \u201d 2020 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) IEEE; 2020 p. 664\u2013668.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI45749.2020.9098741"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96091-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.\u2010H.Li T.\u2010C.Hsung W.\u2010K.Ling W. Y.\u2010H.Lam G.Pelekos andC.McGrath \u201cAutomatic Site\u2010Specific Multiple Level Gum Disease Detection Based on Deep Neural Network \u201d 2021 15th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT) IEEE; 2021 p. 201\u2013205.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT51748.2021.9434936"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","first-page":"680","article-title":"Detection of Tooth Numbering, Frenulum Attachment, Gingival Overgrowth, and Gingival Inflammation Signs on Dental Photographs Using Convolutional Neural Network Algorithms: A Retrospective Study","volume":"54","author":"Kurt Bayrakdar S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quintessence International"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05921-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. R.Carillo S.Dispo R. V. H.Fallarco et\u00a0al. \u201cGum Disease Detection in the Front Part of the Mouth Using Convolutional Neural Network Through the Use of Keras With TensorFlow as Backend \u201d Proceedings of the 2020 10th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology 2020 p. 144\u2013150.","DOI":"10.1145\/3397391.3397429"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1507705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. J. C.Ragadio J.Taylar andR. P.Medina \u201cModified DenseNet\u2010121 With Transfer Learning Approach for Classifying Oral Conditions \u201d 2024 15th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC) IEEE; 2024 p. 1845\u20131850.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC62082.2024.10827591"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15020231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.26937"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05072-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.\u2010C.Cheng T.\u2010C.Hsung G.\u2010H.Li I. M.Tew W. L.Lo andW. Y. H.Lam \u201cDeveloping Automated Photographic Detection of Gum Diseases Using Deep Neural Networks for Mobile Devices \u201d Proceedings of the 2024 6th International Conference on Software Engineering and Development 2024 p. 57\u201363.","DOI":"10.1145\/3686614.3686621"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2023.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1974.tb01771.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11070172"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12442"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0719"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","volume-title":"Deep Learning","author":"Goodfellow I.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0197-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10453-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2024.100340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1168\/2\/022022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.2020200029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103610"}],"container-title":["Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cdoe.70001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T04:37:53Z","timestamp":1763527073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cdoe.70001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cdoe.70001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdoe.70001","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-5661","1600-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-5661","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}