{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:13:01Z","timestamp":1789571581814,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022771","name":"Borrow Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review aimed to map global evidence on upstream interventions which promote oral health and reduce socioeconomic inequalities in oral health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A review was undertaken in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA\u2010ScR) checklist. A multistranded comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies. Article texts were retrieved and assessed for eligibility against the inclusion criteria. Key findings were extracted and summarised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 99 articles (74 empirical studies and 25 systematic, scoping and umbrella reviews) were included in the scoping review. The review findings revealed a limited number of upstream interventions specifically focused on promoting oral health and reducing oral health inequalities. Legislative and regulatory measures (e.g., advertising controls), fiscal measures (e.g., sugar\u2010sweetened beverage taxation) and specific oral health interventions (e.g., water fluoridation) have shown a positive impact on promoting oral health. In addition, fiscal measures, food subsidies targeted at low\u2010income groups and improvements to housing\/work environments have proven effective in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in general health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite a very detailed and thorough search of the global literature, this scoping review identified a limited number of upstream interventions that specifically focused on improving oral health, and an even smaller number of upstream interventions that tackled oral health inequalities. However, the review did identify three levels of upstream intervention including: policies tackling the broader socio\u2010political determinants of health; policies combating non\u2010communicable diseases (NCDs) linked to oral health; and some specific interventions (e.g., water fluoridation) focusing on oral health. The upstream approach to prevention remains highly relevant to public health policy and provides a guiding principle for future strategic action to promote oral health and tackle oral health inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T04:15:36Z","timestamp":1767068136000},"page":"146-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Upstream Interventions to Promote Oral Health and Reduce Oral Health Inequalities: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1731-9854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Stennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London (UCL)  London 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