{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:59:39Z","timestamp":1785560379435,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022771","name":"Borrow Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31336501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31336501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024721","name":"Public Health Scotland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the extent that parenting styles and oral health behaviours mediate the relationship between socioeconomic circumstances (SEC) and childhood dental caries experience: pre\u2212\/post\u2010national roll\u2010out in 2011 of Childsmile, the child oral health improvement programme for Scotland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal design linked 2798 participants from Birth Cohort\u20101 (following from age 10\u2009months in 2005\/06 to age 5\u2009years in 2009\/10) and 3015 from Birth Cohort\u20102 (following from age 10\u2009months in 2011 to age 5\u2009years in 2015) of the Growing Up in Scotland study with caries experience at age five from the National Dental Inspection Programme. Two Structural Equation Models (Birth Cohort\u20101 and 2) tested an a priori framework to explain the social gradient (SEC: Income Poverty, Area\u2010based Deprivation, Household Education, Household Employment) in caries experience, considering proximal behaviours (toothbrushing, cariogenic diet, regular dental attendance) before introducing validated parenting styles (Parental Responsiveness\/Demandingness).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Models for both the pre\u2212\/post\u2010Childsmile cohorts illustrated similar pathways. Dental attendance and parenting had no direct effect on caries experience. Responsiveness partially mediated the SEC\u2010toothbrushing relationship, while demandingness partially mediated the SEC\u2010diet relationship. Cariogenic diet directly increased caries experience prevalence (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.33\/0.24), while increased toothbrushing persistently decreased caries (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.18\/\u22120.13). Total mediated effect of SEC decreased from 58.8% to 39.1%, with the largest relative decrease being directly via toothbrushing (9.5%\/4.0%). The effect mediated through parenting pathways remained minimal (4.8%\/3.5%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pathways between SEC and childhood caries were unchanged after Childsmile roll\u2010out, with minimal effects from parenting styles. The diminishing SEC effects via toothbrushing may be positively attributed to Childsmile interventions. The persistent unexplained effect of SEC on caries experience highlights the need for equity\u2010focused structural approaches that address broader socioeconomic inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.70062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:02:47Z","timestamp":1773115367000},"page":"462-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pathways Linking Socioeconomic Circumstances to Childhood Dental Caries: The Mediating Role of Parenting and Oral Health Behaviours Before and After Childsmile Implementation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7768-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"Cousins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e9l","family":"de Aquino Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Centre for Social Research  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7762-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David I","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Sherriff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12790"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/205016815816682236"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514557546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100528.2012.00680.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldm001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"M.Marmot T.Atkinson andJ.Bell \u201cFair Society Healthy Lives. 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