{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:59:45Z","timestamp":1785560385415,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1046219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1046219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The \u201cvalley of death\u201d between research and practice remains a major challenge. The five\u2010stage Translational Research framework (TR1\u2010TR5) provides a pathway, moving evidence into real\u2010world impact. Traditionally, Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) dominate TR stages, yet they are often impractical in public health. Longitudinal observational studies (LOSs), combined with advanced causal statistics, can emulate RCTs. Using the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and early childhood caries (ECC) as a case study, where SES is a complex, upstream determinant lacking trial evidence, this study illustrates how LOSs paired with causal statistics, within the TR framework, can generate policy\u2010relevant action, highlighting a promising yet underused strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper first reviewed causal inference gaps identified in a published scoping review of 85 LOSs (TR1), focusing on a subset of 20 studies presented in this paper that examined the relationship between SES and dental caries. The review analysed SES construction, gaps in SES\u2010oral health behaviour\u2010caries pathways, and the use of advanced causal statistics. Findings from TR2 (published) were then summarised to highlight key modifiable mediators linking SES and ECC, followed by TR3\u20104 (published), which examined interventions targeting these mediators across populations. Finally, this paper presented TR5 for the first time, extending the analysis to estimate population\u2010level impact metrics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TR1 highlighted that most LOSs remained focused on associations rather than causal inference. SES construction was inconsistent and the mechanisms linking SES to dental caries have not been comprehensively examined. TR2 identified free sugar intake (FSI) as a key modifiable mediator. TR3\u20104 emphasised on reducing FSI to &lt;\u200910% lowered ECC risk in the general population and suggested &lt;\u20095% for the high\u2010risk groups. TR5 highlighted that stricter FSI thresholds produced substantial population\u2010level gains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TR framework supported by advanced causal statistics enables translating LOSs into effective public health evidence in the absence of RCTs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.70064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:20:51Z","timestamp":1774326051000},"page":"471-479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Translating Observational Data Into Public Health Action: Reducing Early Childhood Caries Burden Related to Socioeconomic Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1942-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An T. M.","family":"Dao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Cuu Long University  Vinh Long Vietnam"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences UMass Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3684-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loc G.","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9932-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena S.","family":"Schuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huy V.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuu Long University  Vinh Long Vietnam"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences UMass Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Health Innovation and Transformation Centre Federation University Australia  Ballarat Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diep H.","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00146-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.12.1794"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Translational Science Research: Bridging the Gap Between Lab and Life for a Better Tomorrow","volume":"6","author":"Nazarian A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278706290409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_860_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-01871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65917-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01426-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20851\/ncohs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.13002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251324494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"WHOandWHO \u201cEnding Childhood Dental Caries: Implementation Manual \u201d(2019) Implementation Manual [E\u2010book] 28 January 2020 [cited 2024 21 August] https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/ending\u2010childhood\u2010dental\u2010caries\u2010who\u2010implementation\u2010manual."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844251365536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251406559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.83221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Australia NHMRC and NewZealand MOH \u201cNutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes \u201d(2006) https:\/\/www.eatforhealth.gov.au\/nutrient\u2010reference\u2010values\/nutrients\/dietary\u2010energy."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6849-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844251365536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/649643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.907922"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01887-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2010.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221093615"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-220073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics \u201cBirths Australia 2023[Internet] \u201d 2024 https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/population\/births\u2010australia\/2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","unstructured":"AIHW \u201cPatient Demographics \u201d(2025) [cited Accessed 23 May 2025] https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/hospitals\/topics\/admitted\u2010patient\u2010care\/patient\u2010demographics?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","volume-title":"Realistic Evaluation","author":"Pawson R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39147.604896.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39175.364954.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi088"}],"container-title":["Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cdoe.70064","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cdoe.70064","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cdoe.70064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:43:51Z","timestamp":1785559431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cdoe.70064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cdoe.70064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdoe.70064","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-5661","1600-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-5661","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}