{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:59:45Z","timestamp":1785560385326,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["331782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["331782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is reported to be more common among immigrant children than their native counterparts. There are no community\u2010based studies that assess the effectiveness of an intervention in reducing the risk of ECC among immigrant children in Norway. This study aimed to assess the effect of a culturally adapted intervention on ECC, plaque, feeding and oral hygiene habits in immigrant children, as well as on their parents' oral health behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seven primary health centres in Bergen, Norway, were randomly assigned to either an intervention or a control group. Immigrant parents of newborns participated in the baseline study (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009345). Self\u2010reported data were collected via questionnaires at baseline (infants aged 0\u20136\u2009months) and at follow\u2010up (18\u201324\u2009months following baseline). The intervention group received a culturally adapted intervention, which consisted of two one\u2010to\u2010one motivational interviews, MI\u2010informed counselling (MI), toothbrushing demonstrations and pamphlets in the participants' native languages at baseline and after 6\u2009months. The control group received only the routine dental information provided at the primary health centres. Clinical oral examinations were performed to assess the presence or absence of ECC and plaque in the children at follow\u2010up. Differences in outcomes were assessed and compared between intervention and control groups using generalised linear mixed models. Odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A lower prevalence of carious lesions was observed in the intervention group (7.7%) than in the control group (10.6%), while plaque accumulation was higher in the intervention group (19.2%) than in the control group (17.3%). The intervention group exhibited lower odds of night\u2010time feeding, not brushing day and night, or not using fluoride. Conversely, the intervention group showed higher odds of sugar intake in feeding bottles. Parents in the intervention group had higher odds of irregular flossing, mouthwash use and frequent sweet intake. However, none of the findings were statistically significant, indicating no true effect of the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study suggests that the intervention had no impact on ECC, plaque, feeding or oral hygiene habits of the immigrant children or on the parents' dietary and oral hygiene habits. These findings underscore the necessity for community\u2010based, comprehensive interventions with extended follow\u2010up periods to effectively address the needs of this diverse population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05758454<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T03:21:14Z","timestamp":1774840874000},"page":"480-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of a Culturally Adapted Intervention on Early Childhood Caries Among Immigrants\u2014A Cluster\u2010Randomised Trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1961-6628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam","family":"Reda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7975-6662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut Helge M.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhijit","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oral Health Services and Research (TkMidt), Trondheim  Norway"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2707-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne N.","family":"\u00c5str\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-8525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19354-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2006.00777.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5324\/nje.v22i1.1515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.2007.00111.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Knowledge and Beliefs Concerning Early Childhood Caries From Mothers of Children Ages Zero to 12 Months","volume":"36","author":"Azevedo M. 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