{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:48:17Z","timestamp":1792039697331,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001504","name":"Ministry of Health, New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish a national longitudinal database of fluoride concentrations in public drinking water supplies in New Zealand (NZ) and investigate the potential implications of different fluoride exposure classifications for epidemiological studies evaluating the effects of community water fluoridation (CWF) on population health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fluoride concentrations in NZ public drinking water supplies were assessed longitudinally from 2000 to 2021. Fluoride sample results obtained from all 67 Territorial Authorities and drinking water regulators were cleaned, standardised to water distribution zones (WDZs), aggregated to weekly values, and imputed where missing. A synthetic birth cohort of 10\u2009000 children followed from birth to age four was developed to simulate individual\u2010level fluoride exposure histories and evaluate different exposure classifications, including binary fluoridation status and mixed exposure resulting from residential mobility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fluoride concentrations in fluoridated WDZ had a median of 0.74\u2009mg\/L (range 0.00\u20131.04), while non\u2010fluoridated WDZ had consistently low fluoride concentrations (median 0.05\u2009mg\/L; range 0.00\u20130.42). Substantial temporal variability was observed, with only 40% of WDZ\u2010observation years having fluoride concentrations above 0.7\u2009mg\/L for at least 90% of the year. In the synthetic cohort, exposure misclassification arising from naturally occurring fluoride concentrations or sub\u2010optimal dosing appeared minimal. In contrast, residential mobility between fluoridated and non\u2010fluoridated areas represented a more substantial source of potential bias, with approximately 30% of individuals experiencing mixed fluoridation exposure over 4\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the importance of longitudinal and quantitatively derived exposure measures for future research evaluating the oral health impacts of CWF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.70129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:28:07Z","timestamp":1792038487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Assessment of Fluoride Concentrations in Public Drinking Water Supplies in New Zealand: Implications for Epidemiological Studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6869-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Dean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ng\u0101i Tahu Research Centre University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5856-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ng\u0101i Tahu Research Centre University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2142-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ng\u0101i Tahu Research Centre University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-7485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Kaupeka Oranga, Faculty of Health University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8905-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Broadbent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Sciences University of Otago  Dunedin Otago New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"CD010856","article-title":"Water Fluoridation for the Prevention of Dental Caries","volume":"10","author":"Iheozor\u2010Ejiofor Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"32","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2307\/4584182","article-title":"Domestic Water and Dental Caries: V. Additional Studies of the Relation of Fluoride Domestic Waters to Dental Caries Experience in 4,425 White Children, Aged 12 to 14\u2009Years, of 13 Cities in 4 States","volume":"57","author":"Dean H. T.","year":"1942","journal-title":"Public Health Reports (1896\u20101970)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","volume-title":"Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values for Fluoride: A Report Prepared for the Australian Government Department of Health and the New Zealand Ministry of Health","author":"Baines J.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844251342804","article-title":"Water Fluoridation and Dental Caries Prevention Globally: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Nascimento C. F. D.","year":"2026","journal-title":"JDR Clinical & Translational Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1922\/CDH_00267Nyakutsikwa07","article-title":"Water Fluoride Concentrations in England, 2009\u20132020","volume":"39","author":"Nyakutsikwa B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Community Dental Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7222a1","article-title":"Community Water Fluoridation Levels to Promote Effectiveness and Safety in Oral Health\u2014United States, 2016\u20132021","volume":"72","author":"Boehmer T. J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"The Health Equity Implications of the Health (Fluoridation of Drinking Water) Amendment Act 2021 on Access to and Performance of Community Water Fluoridation in New Zealand","volume":"121","author":"Chambers T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"New Zealand Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903\u2010021\u201001754\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","unstructured":"E.Edwards Kids' Cavities Would Increase by Millions if Every State Banned Fluoride Study Finds Web2025 https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/health\/health\u2010news\/fluoride\u2010ban\u2010states\u2010cavities\u2010kids\u2010florida\u2010utah\u2010rcna209750."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2025.1166","article-title":"Projected Outcomes of Removing Fluoride From US Public Water Systems","volume":"6","author":"Choi S. E.","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.2201","article-title":"Association Between Community Water Fluoridation and Severe Dental Caries Experience in 4\u2010Year\u2010Old New Zealand Children","volume":"174","author":"Schluter P. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"J.Whitehead K. C.Prickett S. J.Paine andP. A.Carr \u201cMoving for Good? Patterns of Early Childhood Residential Mobility Unmet Healthcare Needs and Child Health in Aotearoa New Zealand \u201d in ed.M. S.Development(Ministry of Social Development 2023)."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.26686\/pq.v18i2.7571","article-title":"Improvements to Drinking Water Monitoring, Reporting and Record\u2010Keeping Needed to Protect Health","volume":"18","author":"Chambers T.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Policy Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112322","article-title":"Nitrate Contamination in Drinking Water and Colorectal Cancer: Exposure Assessment and Estimated Health Burden in New Zealand","volume":"204","author":"Richards J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2023.109349","article-title":"The Development and Validation of a Nationwide Dataset of Water Distribution Zones in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Cross\u2010Sectional Geospatial Study","volume":"49","author":"Puente\u2010Sierra M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Data in Brief"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70296","article-title":"A National\u2010Scale Historical Assessment of Nitrate in Public Drinking Water Supplies in New Zealand: Data Integration and Machine Learning Imputation Approaches","volume":"98","author":"Chambers T.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Environment Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","volume-title":"Fluoridation: An Update on Evidence","author":"Office of the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor Kaitohutohu M\u0101tanga P\u016btaiao Matua ki te Pirimia","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2023.102762","article-title":"Towards a Better Understanding of Residential Mobility and the Environments in Which Adults Reside: A Nationwide Geospatial Study From Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"133","author":"Marek L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Habitat International"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12548","article-title":"An Assessment of Compliance With Optimal Fluoride Levels for Oral Health Benefit by New Zealand Drinking Water Suppliers","volume":"83","author":"Chambers T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039706","article-title":"Residential Mobility for a National Cohort of New Zealand\u2010Born Children by Area Socioeconomic Deprivation Level and Ethnic Group","volume":"11","author":"Robertson O.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cdoe.70129","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cdoe.70129","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cdoe.70129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:28:11Z","timestamp":1792038491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cdoe.70129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cdoe.70129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdoe.70129","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-5661","1600-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-5661","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"cdoe.70129"}}