{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:14:30Z","timestamp":1791274470661,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]],"date-time":"2013-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many studies report that damp housing conditions are associated with respiratory symptoms. Less is known about mechanisms and possible effect modifiers. Studies of dampness in relation to allergic sensitization and eczema are scarce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We study the influence of damp housing conditions world\u2010wide on symptoms and objective outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional studies of 8\u201312\u2010year\u2010old children in 20 countries used standardized methodology from Phase Two of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ISAAC<\/jats:styled-content>). Symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema, plus residential exposure to dampness and moulds, were ascertained by parental questionnaires (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>46\u00a0051). Skin examination, skin prick tests (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>26\u00a0967) and hypertonic saline bronchial challenge (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>5713) were performed. In subsamples stratified by wheeze (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>1175), dust was sampled and analysed for house dust mite (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDM<\/jats:styled-content>) allergens and endotoxin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current exposure to dampness was more common for wheezy children (pooled odds ratio 1.58, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.40\u20131.79) and was associated with greater symptom severity among wheezers, irrespective of atopy. A significant (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01) adverse effect of dampness was also seen for cough and phlegm, rhinitis and reported eczema, but not for examined eczema, nor bronchial hyperresponsiveness. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDM<\/jats:styled-content> sensitization was more common in damp homes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.16, 1.03\u20131.32). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDM\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>allergen levels were higher in damp homes and were positively associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010sensitization, but not wheeze.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A consistent association of dampness with respiratory and other symptoms was found in both affluent and non\u2010affluent countries, among both atopic and non\u2010atopic children. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDM<\/jats:styled-content> exposure and sensitization may contribute, but the link seems to be related principally to non\u2010atopic mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]],"date-time":"2013-03-04T18:00:28Z","timestamp":1362420028000},"page":"762-774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Dampness and moulds in relation to respiratory and allergic symptoms in children: results from Phase Two of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (<scp>ISAAC<\/scp> Phase Two)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Weinmayr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology Ulm University Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Genuneit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology Ulm University Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"B\u00fcchele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology Ulm University Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology Ulm University Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Siebers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Brunekreef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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