{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:00:09Z","timestamp":1790632809257,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of breastfeeding for the development of atopic diseases in childhood is contradictory. This might be due to differences in the composition of breast milk and levels of antimicrobial and anti\u2010inflammatory components.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to examine whether levels of total immunoglobulin A (IgA) or transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b21 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21) in breast milk were associated with the risk of developing atopic dermatitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>), atopic sensitization or asthma at early age taking breastfeeding duration into account.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The birth cohort study PASTURE conducted in Finland, France, Germany and Switzerland provided 610 breast milk samples collected 2\u00a0months after delivery in which soluble IgA (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sIgA<\/jats:styled-content>) and TGF\u2010\u03b21 levels were measured by ELISA. Duration of breastfeeding was assessed using weekly food frequency diaries from month 3 to month 12. Data on environmental factors, AD and asthma were collected by questionnaires from pregnancy up to age 6. Atopic status was defined by specific IgE levels in blood collected at the ages of 4 and 6\u00a0years. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Soluble IgA and TGF\u2010\u03b21 levels in breast milk differed between countries, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sIgA<\/jats:styled-content> levels were associated with environmental factors related to microbial load, for example, contact to farm animals or cats during pregnancy, but not with raw milk consumption. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sIgA<\/jats:styled-content> levels were inversely associated with AD up to the of age 2\u00a0years (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value for adjusted linear trend: 0.005), independent of breastfeeding duration. The dose of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sIgA<\/jats:styled-content> ingested in the first year of life was associated with reduced risk of AD up to the age of 2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>, 95% CI: 0.74; 0.55\u20130.99) and 4\u00a0years (0.73; 0.55\u20130.96). No clear associations between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sIgA<\/jats:styled-content> and atopy or asthma up to age 6 were observed. TGF\u2010\u03b21 showed no consistent association with any investigated health outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>IgA in breast milk might protect against the development of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T14:20:45Z","timestamp":1381242045000},"page":"102-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Soluble immunoglobulin <scp>A<\/scp> in breast milk is inversely associated with atopic dermatitis at early age: the <scp>PASTURE<\/scp> cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Orivuori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki 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