{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:11:14Z","timestamp":1791353474892,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,22]],"date-time":"2014-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>CD4+ T helper type 2 cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), and antigen\u2010presenting cells are required for the cell activation. In this study, we aimed to survey the density, distribution, and morphology of dendritic cells (DCs) in patients with VKC by <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> confocal microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010five patients (mean, 12.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.3\u00a0years) affected by VKC were included. All patients were treated with 0.1% fluorometholone eye drops and 0.5% cyclosporine A eye drops. The density and morphological and distributional characteristics of DCs in each right eye were evaluated by <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> confocal microscopy before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6\u00a0months after treatment. Thirty\u2010five age\u2010matched normal subjects (mean, 16.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.8\u00a0years) were studied as controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was significant difference in age between the VKC group and the control group (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a018.17, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Compared with normal eyes, increased numbers of DCs were found in patients with VKC, with mean cell densities of 244.09\u00a0\u00b1\u00a059.76 cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> at the bulbar conjunctiva, 574.53\u00a0\u00b1\u00a087.34 cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> at the limbus, and 403.32\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0106.59 cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> at the peripheral cornea before treatment. These DCs exhibited a typical dendritic shape. At 3\u00a0months after treatment, the DC density at the conjunctiva decreased significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), approximating that in the controls. At 3 and 6\u00a0months, the DC densities at the limbus and peripheral cornea also decreased significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), but were still statistically higher than those in the controls. These DCs, with small dendritic processes or irregular shapes, were observed to gradually locate at the epithelial basal membrane and subbasal nerve plexus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> confocal microscopy appears to be a valuable tool in evaluating the dynamic change of DCs at the conjunctiva and cornea. DCs play an essential role in VKC and therefore may constitute a target for therapeutic intervention for VKC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,28]],"date-time":"2013-12-28T09:58:39Z","timestamp":1388224719000},"page":"362-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["An essential role for dendritic cells in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: analysis by laser scanning confocal microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Eye Hospital Shandong Eye Institute Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Eye Hospital Shandong Eye Institute Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Eye Hospital Shandong Eye Institute Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Eye Hospital Shandong Eye Institute Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Eye Hospital Shandong Eye Institute Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Eye Hospital Shandong Eye Institute Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01347.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-03-0673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2007.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70270-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2001.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31812dfab3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72005-0_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.06.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1075-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2009.02065.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"In vivo study of normal human limbal and central corneas using laser confocal microscope","volume":"42","author":"Rong B","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"Novel characterization of MHC class II\u2010negative population of resident corneal Langerhans cell\u2010type dendritic cells","volume":"43","author":"Hamrah P","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0838"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.696172"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0794"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.063743"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000170694.90455.f7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.04.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-008-0577-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00948.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201002300322"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2008.0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.05.035"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; 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