{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:09:36Z","timestamp":1790467776543,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]],"date-time":"2014-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Juho Vainio Foundation"},{"name":"Yrj\u00ef\u00bf\u00bd Jahnsson Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence on the association between post\u2010natal exposure to antibiotics and the development of asthma is extensive, but inconsistent and even less is known about prenatal exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the associations between prenatal and post\u2010natal exposure to different antibiotics and the risk of childhood asthma in a population\u2010 and register\u2010based nested case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All children who were born in 1996\u20132004 in Finland and diagnosed with asthma by 2006 were identified from a national health register. For each case, one matched control was selected. Information on asthma diagnoses, purchased anti\u2010asthmatic drugs and antibiotics as well as putative confounders was obtained from national health registries. The associations were analysed using conditional logistic regression for children diagnosed at the age of 3\u00a0years or later (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06 690 case\u2013control pairs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal use of any antibiotics during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of asthma in the offspring [adjusted odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>)\u00a0=\u00a01.31 (95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>): 1.21\u20131.42)]. Several maternal specific antibiotics were associated with the risk of asthma, and the strongest association was observed for cephalosporins [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.46 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.30\u20131.64)]. Child's use of antibiotics during the first year of life was associated with an increased risk of asthma [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.60 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.48\u20131.73)]. Child's use of cephalosporins [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.79 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.59\u20132.01)], sulphonamides and trimethoprim [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.65 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.34\u20132.02)], macrolides [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.61 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.46\u20131.78)] and amoxicillin [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.46 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.35\u20131.58)] was associated with an increased risk of asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both prenatal and post\u2010natal exposure to antibiotics was associated with an increased risk of asthma. The potential role of adverse effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and the development of asthma should be further explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,18]],"date-time":"2014-06-18T16:39:07Z","timestamp":1403109547000},"page":"137-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["Prenatal and post\u2010natal exposure to antibiotics and risk of asthma in childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Mets\u00e4l\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lifestyle and Participation National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lundqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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