{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T19:43:06Z","timestamp":1780429386551,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]],"date-time":"2014-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Global Heaslth, Johns Hopkins University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allergic rhinitis is a disease with a high global disease burden, but risk factors that contribute to this condition are not well understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis in two Peruvian populations with disparate degrees of urbanization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a population\u2010based, cross\u2010sectional study on 1441 children aged 13\u201315\u00a0years at enrollment (mean age 14.9\u00a0years, 51% boys) to investigate the prevalence of allergic disease. We used a standardized, Spanish validated questionnaire to determine the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asked about sociodemographics and family history of allergies. Children also underwent spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide, allergy skin testing to 10 common household allergens and provided a blood sample for measurement of 25<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content> vitamin D and total serum IgE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 18% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 16% to 20%). When stratified by site, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 23% Lima vs. 13% in Tumbes (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001); however, this difference was no longer significant after controlling for subject\u2010specific factors (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.95). There was a strong association with other allergic diseases: 53% of children with asthma had allergic rhinitis vs. 15% in those without asthma (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001) and 42% of children with eczema vs. 17% of those without eczema (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001). Important risk factors for allergic rhinitis were parental rhinitis (adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a03.0, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.9\u20134.7 for 1 parent and adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a04.4, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.5\u201313.7 for 2 parents); allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens (1.6, 1.1\u20132.3); being overweight (1.5, 1.0\u20132.3); exhaled nitric oxide \u226520\u00a0ppb (1.9, 1.3\u20132.7); and total serum IgE \u2265 95th percentile (2.4, 1.2\u20134.8). Population attributable risk of important factors for allergic rhinitis were 25% for high exhaled nitric oxide, 22% for allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens, 22% for paternal rhinitis, 10% for being overweight and 7% for an elevated total serum IgE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allergic rhinitis was prevalent in both settings, and important risk factors include elevated exhaled nitric oxide, allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens, parental rhinitis, being overweight and high total serum IgE. When considering subject\u2010specific factors, the difference in prevalence between the urban and rural settings became non\u2010important.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T09:50:28Z","timestamp":1406195428000},"page":"192-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource\u2010limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"L. M.","family":"Baumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. M.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Unit A.B. 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G.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. J.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacogenomics and Translational Research Nemours Children Clinic Jacksonville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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