{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:06:22Z","timestamp":1791317182636,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,19]],"date-time":"2015-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is growing interest in the \u2018farm effect\u2019 on the spectrum of allergy. Evidence concerning the farm effect on asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis has been systematically synthesized, but without a specific focus on objective markers of sensitization. This focus is important, as farm exposures may be related to allergy but not to non\u2010allergic phenotypes of disease. We aimed to systematically review and meta\u2010analyse literature that has investigated associations between farm exposure at any age and objective measures of atopy, that is serum IgE or skin prick tests results. Using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified 29 articles for review. IgE levels were measured in either childhood or adulthood by eighteen studies, while skin prick testing was performed in sixteen studies. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale<\/jats:styled-content> quality assessments indicated that the majority of these studies demonstrated a representative sample of selected participants. Due to significant heterogeneity in study measures and methodology between studies, only few were meta\u2010analysed. This meta\u2010analysis showed a significant protective effect of farm exposure before 1\u00a0year of life on allergic sensitization (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a00.60 [0.52\u20130.70]). Farm exposure during childhood was also associated with a reduced risk of sensitization to cat or timothy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a00.60 [0.51\u20130.70]; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>=0.46 [0.41\u20130.51]). Studies investigating the effect of farm exposure in adult life could not be meta\u2010analysed, and their results were inconsistent. Insufficient studies investigated food sensitization as an outcome to allow synthesis. The majority of studies included in this review investigated childhood farm exposure, finding evidence to support a protective childhood \u2018farm effect\u2019 against subsequent atopy. There is inconsistent evidence on the association between farm exposure in adulthood and allergic sensitization. Further studies are needed to tease out the exact exposures and timing associated with farming environments that protect against allergic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T08:57:17Z","timestamp":1412153837000},"page":"744-757","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Exposure to \u2018farming\u2019 and objective markers of atopy: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"B. E.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit Centre for Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. J.","family":"Lodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit Centre for Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit Centre for Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit Centre for Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit Centre for Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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