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We hypothesize that immune mediators in breast milk could explain such association either through a direct effect or as a surrogate marker of maternal immune constitution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the possible association between cytokine and chemokine levels in breast milk and development of eczema and recurrent wheeze during early childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of 19 pro\u2010inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines were measured in 223 breast milk samples from mothers in the Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood<jats:sub>2000<\/jats:sub> (COPSAC) high\u2010risk birth cohort. Eczema and recurrent wheeze at the age of 0\u20133 years were prospectively diagnosed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPSAC<\/jats:styled-content> physicians adherent to predefined validated algorithms. Association analyses were performed by Cox regression adjusting for potential confounding factors and by multivariable principal component analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 in breast milk (\u2265 0.7 pg\/mL) was associated with more than a halved risk of eczema before age three (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.41; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.24\u20130.68; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), which remained significant after false discovery rate adjustment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.008). The principal component analysis confirmed that a mediator pattern dominated by high levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017A, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>17 and low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">levels of CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSLP<\/jats:styled-content> in breast milk protected against eczema (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.82; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.68\u20130.98; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03). No associations were observed for recurrent wheeze.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated breast milk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 level was associated with decreased risk of early childhood eczema suggesting either a direct protective effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 or IL\u20101b acting as a proxy for a healthy maternal immune system protecting high\u2010risk offspring from eczema.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T08:43:05Z","timestamp":1464856985000},"page":"1344-1354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["High breast milk <scp>IL<\/scp>\u20101\u03b2 level is associated with reduced risk of childhood eczema"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"A. A.","family":"Jepsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. L.","family":"Chawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. G.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.\u2010M. M.","family":"Schoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. H.","family":"Thysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Waage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Brix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology Center for Biological Sequence Analysis Technical University of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Bisgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen 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