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Many analyses have not considered that associations may vary within population subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine whether associations between living with a dog in the first year of life and allergic outcomes vary within subgroups selected <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> (race, gender and delivery mode).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Black (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 496) and White (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 196) children enrolled in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHEALS<\/jats:styled-content> birth cohort study had a clinical examination at age 2 years to assess eczema and allergen\u2010specific IgE (sIgE) and perform skin prick testing (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPT<\/jats:styled-content>). Whether the child lived with an indoor dog in the first year of life was assessed through interview, as was doctor diagnosis of asthma at ages 3\u20136 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Living with a dog was associated with decreased odds of having \u2265 1 positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPT<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.56, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.34, 0.91) and having eczema (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.34, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.20, 0.60). The association with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPT<\/jats:styled-content> was stronger in those children born via caesarean section (c\u2010section) vs. vaginally (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.29, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.12, 0.74 vs. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.76, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.43, 1.37, respectively, interaction <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.087) and in those who were firstborn vs. not (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.27, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.11, 0.67 vs. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.82, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.45, 1.47, respectively, interaction <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.044). The association with eczema was stronger in children born vaginally compared with those born via caesarean section (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.17, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.06, 0.43 vs. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.65, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.31, 1.35, respectively, interaction <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.025) and was stronger in Black vs. White children (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.30, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.15, 0.61 vs. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.78, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.29, 2.11, respectively, interaction <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.12). Dog keeping was not significantly inversely associated with having \u2265 1 elevated sIgE and only approached statistical significance with asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results likely vary between studies due to variability of specific exposure\u2013outcome associations in subgroups defined by other factors as well as the relative distributions of those subgroups. Important allergic disorder associations will be missed without subgroup analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T08:13:48Z","timestamp":1472199228000},"page":"97-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Subgroup differences in the associations between dog exposure during the first year of life and early life allergic outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Wegienka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Havstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Zoratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Ownby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Georgia Regents University Augusta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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