{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:58:41Z","timestamp":1791539921944,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54HD070725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54HD070725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibiotic use in early life has been linked to disruptions in the microbiome. Such changes can disturb immune system development. Differences have been observed in the microbiota of children with and without allergies, but there have been few studies on antibiotic use and allergic disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated associations of early\u2010life antibiotic use with subsequent occurrence of food allergy and other allergies in childhood using electronic health record data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used longitudinal data on 30 060 children up to age 7 years from Geisinger Clinic's electronic health record to conduct a sex\u2010 and age\u2010matched case\u2013control study to evaluate the association between antibiotic use and milk allergy, non\u2010milk food allergies, and other allergies. For each outcome, we estimated conditional logistic regression models adjusting for race\/ethnicity, history of Medical Assistance, and mode of birth delivery. Models were repeated separately for penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 484 milk allergy cases, 598 non\u2010milk food allergy cases and 3652 other allergy cases. Children with three or more antibiotic orders had a greater odds of milk allergy (Odds Ratio; 95% Confidence interval) (1.78; 1.28\u20132.48), non\u2010milk food allergy (1.65; 1.27\u20132.14), and other allergies (3.07; 2.72\u20133.46) compared with children with no antibiotic orders. Associations were strongest at younger ages and differed by antibiotic class.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed associations between antibiotic orders and allergic diseases, providing evidence of a potentially modifiable clinical practice associated with paediatric allergic disease. Differences by antibiotic class should be further explored, as this knowledge could inform paediatric treatment decisions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T08:14:06Z","timestamp":1472199246000},"page":"236-244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Early\u2010life antibiotic use and subsequent diagnosis of food allergy and allergic diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"A. G.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research Geisinger Health System Danville PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Pollak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. A.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. N.","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research Geisinger Health System Danville PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Bailey\u2010Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research Geisinger Health System Danville PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Mowery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research Geisinger Health System Danville PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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